Glossary

a monomer that when placed in a condensation reaction forms a polyamide. Hexanediamine has amino groups on either end of a 6-carbon chain.

one of a set of two orbitals with a linear arrangement that results from combining one s and one p orbital

one of a set of three orbitals with a trigonal planar arrangement that results from combining one s and two p orbitals

one of a set of four orbitals with a tetrahedral arrangement that results from combining one s and three p orbitals

one of a set of five orbitals with a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and one d orbital

one of a set of six orbitals with an octahedral arrangement that results from combining one s, three p, and two d orbitals

antibonding molecular orbital formed by out of phase side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals, in which the electron density is found on both sides of the internuclear axis, and there is a node between the nuclei

molecular orbital in which the electron density is found along the axis of the bond

an alkyl group attached to a carbon-oxygen double bond

substituting an acyl group into something

monomer molecules bond to each other without the loss of any other atoms

reactions in which a double carbon-carbon bond forms a single carbon-carbon bond by the addition of a reactant. Typical reaction for an alkene.

organic compound with a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded to a carbon atom

organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent

a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.

molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms connected by single (σ) bonds

molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond

molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

the reaction in which an amide group replaces the hydrogen atom on the amino group.

organic molecule that features a nitrogen atom connected to the carbon atom in a carbonyl group

organic molecule in which a nitrogen atom is bonded to one or more alkyl group

molecular orbital located outside of the region between two nuclei; electrons in an antibonding orbital destabilize the molecule

compounds containing a benzene ring

cyclic molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen with delocalized alternating carbon-carbon single and double bonds, resulting in enhanced stability

an group containing an aromatic ring

the tallest peak in the MS spectrum and set equivalent to 100%

number of pairs of electrons between two atoms; it can be found by the number of bonds in a Lewis structure or by the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons divided by two
bonding orbital

molecular orbital located between two nuclei; electrons in a bonding orbital stabilize a molecule

carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom. These two functional groups include; a single bonded hydroxyl (OH) group and a double bonded carbonyl (O) group.Carboxyl is often seen as COOH.

An organic compound that has a carboxyl functional group.

class of compounds created from nitrocellulose (partially nitrated cellulose) and camphor, with added dyes and other agents

major component in the cell walls of plants formed from repeating units of glucose

process of reactions repeating themselves following initiation

two radicals react to bring the polymerization to a halt

The position on the NMR plot at which the nuclei absorbs

method by which a mixture is separated by distributing its components between two phases

occurs when alkanes (hydrocarbons) burn in the presence of oxygen, a highly exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water.  A spark or flame are needed to start the reaction.

forming process in which a plastic material is placed directly into a heated metal mold then is softened by the heat and therefore forced to conform to the shape of the mold, as the mold closes

two different monomers combine with the loss of a small molecule, usually water

To be considered conjugated, two or more pi bonds must be separated by only one single bond

two or more different monomers that form a polymer in a specific ratio

orbitals that have the same energy

elimination reaction where a hydrogen is lost from an alkane to create an alkene under high temperatures

polymers, composed of long, three-part chains consisting of phosphate groups, sugars with 5 C atoms (ribose or deoxyribose), and N-containing rings referred to as bases

optically active substances that rotate the plane of polarized light to the right (clockwise) from the observer’s point of view

phenomenon in which a material is not magnetic itself but is repelled by a magnetic field; it occurs when there are only paired electrons present

An organic compound which contains 2 carboxyl groups. These organic molecules show similar chemical behaviour and reactivity to monocayboxylic acids.

uses the tensile strength of the material to pull it through the die

polymers with elastic properties

The full range of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths

Reactions involving alkenes and electrophiles. Alkenes are the neutrophiles and the electrophile is a carbon bonded to an electronegative atom such oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or a halogen.

The opposite of addition reactions. They occur when a single reactant splits into two products, often with the formation of a small molecule such as water or HBr

Molecules that are nonsuperimposable (nonidentical) mirror images of each other

The process of combining an organic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water.

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent

organic compound with an oxygen atom that is bonded to two carbon atoms

process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile

complex region of infrared spectra in the 1450 to 600 cm-1 region

the aldehyde group is written at the top, and the hydrogen atoms and OH groups that are attached to each chiral carbon are written to the right or left. (If the monosaccharide is a ketose, the ketone functional group is the second carbon atom.) Vertical lines represent bonds pointing away from you, while horizontal lines represent bonds coming toward you.

a neutral chemical species that contains an odd number of electrons and thus has a single, unpaired electron in one of its orbitals

The structural components differentiating different organic families involve specific arrangements of atoms or bonds. This is the part of a molecule that imparts a specific chemical reactivity.

Temperature where the thermal kinetic energy becomes high enough to allow internal rotation to occur within the bonds and to allow the individual molecules to slide independently of their neighbors

HDPE (High density polyethylene) is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3.

cyclic or ring shaped compounds containing carbon and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.

molecule consisting of two identical atoms

orbital created by combining atomic orbitals on a central atom

model that describes the changes in the atomic orbitals of an atom when it forms a covalent compound

chemically active molecule

manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting molten material into a mold

rearrangement of the molecular structure under heat, pressure and exposure to a catalyst

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of the atoms in their molecules

organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it

LDPE (Low density polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3.

optically active substances rotate the plane of polarized light to the left (counterclockwise) from the observer’s point of view

The formula where carbon atoms are not symbolized with a C, but represented by each end of a line or bend in a line. Hydrogen atoms are not drawn if they are attached to a carbon

technique for combining atomic orbitals to create molecular orbitals

LLDPE (Linear low density polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm3. LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches.

a very large molecule containing thousands of atoms covalently bonded together in a specific structure

anything that occupies space and has mass

synthetic fiber finer than one denier or decitex/thread, having a diameter of less than ten micrometers

process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or matrix

The formula that shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule

the peak that corresponds to the molecular weight of the compound

region of space in which an electron has a high probability of being found in a molecule

visual representation of the relative energy levels of molecular orbitals

model that describes the behavior of electrons delocalized throughout a molecule in terms of the combination of atomic wave functions

smallest repeating unit that links together to form a polymer

found in nature

family of synthetic rubbers that are produced by polymerization of chloroprene

An organic compound containing a cyano group (carbon triple bonded to nitrogen) us attached to a carbon atom. These compounds are colourless solids or liquids with distinctive odours.

plane separating different lobes of orbitals, where the probability of finding an electron is zero

natural or synthetic compound that contains carbon

coexistence of orbitals from two different atoms sharing the same region of space, leading to the formation of a covalent bond

identified by changes in the number of oxygen atoms at a particular position in the hydrocarbon skeleton or in the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen at that position. An increase in either corresponds to an oxidation, whereas a decrease corresponds to a reduction. Conversely, an increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon is often an indication of a reduction.

phenomenon in which a material is not magnetic itself but is attracted to a magnetic field; it occurs when there are unpaired electrons present

polymers made from phenol (hydroxybenzene)

Compounds in which an OH group is attached directly to an aromatic ring are designated ArOH (where Ar stands for aromatic)

particles of light

molecular orbital formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals, in which the electron density is found on opposite sides of the internuclear axis

covalent bond formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals; the electron density is found on opposite sides of the internuclear axis

additives that increase the plasticity or decrease the viscosity of a material

polymers that are capable of being molded (formed into a shape) or are pliable

polymer formed from the polymerization of the monomer 1,3-butadiene

group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures

arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

The most common plastic formed from ethene (ethylene) monomer. Also called polyethene.

commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or Dacron

large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits

Process of monomers bonding together to form a polymer

also called polypropene; made from the monomer propylene (propene)

synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene

polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links

polymer produced from vinyl chloride monomer

alcohol in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to one other carbon atom

an amine containing one alkyl group on the central nitrogen atom.

polymers of amino acids, which are monomers that have an amine functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group

occur when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric product

change that causes σp orbitals to be less stable than πp orbitals due to the mixing of s and p-based molecular orbitals of similar energies.

hydrolysis of esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols in a basic solution.

molecule containing carbon and hydrogen that has only single bonds between carbon atoms

alcohol in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms

has two alkyl groups on the central nitrogen.

covalent bond formed by overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis

use of electromagnetic radiation (energy) to determine the structure of a compound

the pattern in which matter absorbs or emits radiation

important source of energy in the human diet formed from repeating glucose units

isomers having the same structural formula but differing in the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in three-dimensional space

The formula that shows the elements and their arrangements within the molecular structure

families of synthetic rubbers derived from styrene and butadiene

branch or functional group that replaces hydrogen atoms in a larger hydrocarbon chain

occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products

chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by heating them with sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators

man-made

alcohol in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms

has three alkyl groups on the central nitrogen atom.

plastics that soften when heated and become firm again when cooled

plastics that soften when heated and can be molded, but harden permanently

sulfur analogs of alcohols, have the general formula RSH. also called mercaptans

manufacturing process where casting material is forced into a mold

description of bonding that involves atomic orbitals overlapping to form σ or π bonds, within which pairs of electrons are shared