Appendix G | Standard Enthalpies of Formation for Selected Substances
All enthalpies of formation listed below for selected substances are defined at the standard state of 298.15 K and 1 bar (100 kPa).
|
Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances |
|
|
Substance |
ΔHf° (kJ mol-1) |
|
Aluminum |
|
|
Al (s) |
0.0 |
|
Al (g) |
330.0 |
|
Al3+ (aq) |
-531.0 |
|
Al2O3 (s) |
-1675.7 |
|
AlF3 (s) |
-1510.4 |
|
AlCl3 (s) |
-704.2 |
|
AlCl3∙6H2O (s) |
-2691.57 |
|
Al2S3 (s) |
-724.0 |
|
Al2(SO4)3 (s) |
-3445.06 |
|
Antimony |
|
|
Sb (s) |
0.0 |
|
Sb (g) |
262.3 |
|
Sb4O6 (s) |
-1440.55 |
|
SbCl3 (g) |
-313.8 |
|
SbCl5 (g) |
-394.34 |
|
Sb2S3 (s) |
-174.89 |
|
SbCl3 (s) |
-382.2 |
|
SbOCl (s) |
-374.0 |
|
Arsenic |
|
|
As (s) |
0.0 |
|
As (g) |
302.5 |
|
As4 (g) |
143.9 |
|
As4O6 (s) |
-1313.94 |
|
As2O5 (s) |
-924.9 |
|
AsCl3 (g) |
-261.5 |
|
As2S3 (s) |
-169.0 |
|
AsH3 (g) |
66.44 |
|
H3AsO4 (s) |
-906.3 |
|
Barium |
|
|
Ba (s) |
0.0 |
|
Ba (g) |
180.0 |
|
Ba2+ (aq) |
-537.6 |
|
BaO (s) |
-548.0 |
|
BaCl2 (s) |
-855.0 |
|
BaSO4 (s) |
-1473.2 |
|
Beryllium |
|
|
Be (s) |
0.0 |
|
Be (g) |
324.0 |
|
BeO (s) |
-609.4 |
|
Bismuth |
|
|
Bi (s) |
0.0 |
|
Bi (g) |
207.1 |
|
Bi2O3 (s) |
-573.9 |
|
BiCl3 (s) |
-379.1 |
|
Bi2S3 (s) |
-143.1 |
|
Boron |
|
|
B (s) |
0.0 |
|
B (g) |
565.0 |
|
B2O3 (s) |
-1273.5 |
|
B2H6 (g) |
36.4 |
|
H3BO3 (s) |
-1094.3 |
|
BF3 (g) |
-1136.0 |
|
BCl3 (g) |
-403.8 |
|
B3N3H6 (l) |
-541.0 |
|
HBO2 (s) |
-794.3 |
|
Bromine |
|
|
Br2 (l) |
0.0 |
|
Br2 (g) |
30.9 |
|
Br (g) |
111.9 |
|
Br– (aq) |
-121.6 |
|
BrF3 (g) |
-255.6 |
|
HBr (g) |
-36.3 |
|
Cadmium |
|
|
Cd (s) |
0.0 |
|
Cd (g) |
111.8 |
|
Cd2+ (aq) |
-75.9 |
|
CdO (s) |
-258.4 |
|
CdCl2 (s) |
-391.5 |
|
CdSO4 (s) |
-933.3 |
|
CdS (s) |
-161.9 |
|
Calcium |
|
|
Ca (s) |
0.0 |
|
Ca (g) |
177.8 |
|
Ca2+ (aq) |
-542.8 |
|
CaO (s) |
-634.9 |
|
Ca(OH)2 (s) |
-985.2 |
|
CaSO4 (s) |
-1434.5 |
|
CaSO4∙2H2O(s) |
-2022.63 |
|
CaCO3 (s) (calcite) |
-1207.6 |
|
CaSO3∙H2O (s) |
-1752.68 |
|
Carbon |
|
|
C (s) (graphite) |
0.0 |
|
C (s) (diamond) |
1.9 |
|
C (g) |
716.7 |
|
CO (g) |
-110.5 |
|
CO2 (g) |
-393.5 |
|
CO3 2– (aq) |
-677.1 |
|
CH4 (g) |
-74.6 |
|
CH3OH (l) |
-239.2 |
|
CH3OH (g) |
-201.0 |
|
CCl4 (l) |
-128.2 |
|
CCl4 (g) |
-95.7 |
|
CHCl3 (l) |
-134.1 |
|
CHCl3 (g) |
-102.7 |
|
CS2 (l) |
89.0 |
|
CS2 (g) |
116.7 |
|
C2H2 (g) |
227.4 |
|
C2H4 (g) |
52.4 |
|
C2H6 (g) |
-84.0 |
|
CH3CO2H (l) |
-484.3 |
|
CH3CO2H (g) |
-432.2 |
|
C2H5OH (l) |
-277.6 |
|
C2H5OH (g) |
-234.8 |
|
HCO3– (aq) |
-692.0 |
|
C3H8 (g) |
-103.8 |
|
C6H6 (g) |
82.9 |
|
C6H6 (l) |
49.1 |
|
CH2Cl2 (l) |
-124.2 |
|
CH2Cl2 (g) |
-95.4 |
|
CH3Cl (g) |
-81.9 |
|
C2H5Cl (l) |
-136.8 |
|
C2H5Cl (g) |
-112.1 |
|
C2N2 (g) |
306.7 |
|
HCN (l) |
108.9 |
|
HCN (g) |
135.1 |
|
Cesium |
|
|
Cs+ (aq) |
-258.3 |
|
Chlorine |
|
|
Cl2 (g) |
0.0 |
|
Cl (g) |
121.3 |
|
Cl– (aq) |
-167.2 |
|
ClF (g) |
-50.3 |
|
ClF3 (g) |
-163.2 |
|
Cl2O (g) |
80.3 |
|
Cl2O7 (l) |
238.1 |
|
Cl2O7 (g) |
272.0 |
|
HCl (g) |
-92.3 |
|
HClO4 (l) |
-40.6 |
|
Chromium |
|
|
Cr (s) |
0.0 |
|
Cr (g) |
396.6 |
|
CrO42– (aq) |
-881.2 |
|
Cr2O72– (aq) |
-1490.3 |
|
Cr2O3 (s) |
-1139.7 |
|
CrO3 (g) |
-292.9 |
|
(NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) |
-1806.7 |
|
Cobalt |
|
|
Co (s) |
0.0 |
|
Co2+ (aq) |
-58.2 |
|
Co3+ (aq) |
92.0 |
|
CoO (s) |
-237.9 |
|
Co3O4 (s) |
-891.0 |
|
Co(NO3)2 (s) |
-420.5 |
|
Copper |
|
|
Cu (s) |
0.0 |
|
Cu (g) |
337.4 |
|
Cu+ (aq) |
71.7 |
|
Cu2+ (aq) |
64.8 |
|
CuO (s) |
-157.3 |
|
Cu2O (s) |
-168.6 |
|
CuS (s) |
-53.1 |
|
Cu2S (s) |
-79.5 |
|
CuSO4 (s) |
-771.4 |
|
Cu(NO3)2 (s) |
-302.9 |
|
Fluorine |
|
|
F2 (g) |
0.0 |
|
F (g) |
79.4 |
|
F– (aq) |
-332.6 |
|
F2O (g) |
24.5 |
|
HF (g) |
-273.3 |
|
Hydrogen |
|
|
H2 (g) |
0.0 |
|
H (g) |
218.0 |
|
H+ (aq) |
0 |
|
OH– (aq) |
-230.0 |
|
H3O+ (aq) |
-285.8 |
|
H2O (l) |
-285.8 |
|
H2O (g) |
-241.8 |
|
H2O2 (l) |
-187.8 |
|
H2O2 (g) |
-136.3 |
|
HF (g) |
-273.3 |
|
HCl (g) |
-92.3 |
|
HBr (g) |
-36.3 |
|
HI (g) |
26.5 |
|
H2S (g) |
-20.6 |
|
H2Se (g) |
29.7 |
|
Iodine |
|
|
I2 (s) |
0.0 |
|
I2 (g) |
62.4 |
|
I (g) |
106.8 |
|
I– (aq) |
-55.2 |
|
IF (g) |
-95.7 |
|
Icl (g) |
17.8 |
|
IBr (g) |
40.8 |
|
IF7 (g) |
-943.91 |
|
HI (g) |
26.5 |
|
Iron |
|
|
Fe (s) |
0.0 |
|
Fe (g) |
416.3 |
|
Fe2+ (aq) |
-89.1 |
|
Fe3+ (aq) |
-48.5 |
|
Fe2O3 (s) |
-824.2 |
|
Fe3O4 (s) |
-1118.4 |
|
Fe(CO)5 (l) |
-774.0 |
|
Fe(CO)5 (g) |
-733.87 |
|
FeCl2 (s) |
-341.8 |
|
FeCl3 (s) |
-399.5 |
|
FeO (s) |
-272.0 |
|
Fe(OH)2 (s) |
-569.0 |
|
Fe(OH)3 (s) |
-823.0 |
|
FeS (s) |
-100.0 |
|
Fe3C (s) |
25.1 |
|
Lead |
|
|
Pb (s) |
0.0 |
|
Pb (g) |
195.2 |
|
Pb2+ (aq) |
-1.7 |
|
PbO (s) (yellow) |
-217.3 |
|
PbO (s) (red) |
-219.0 |
|
Pb(OH)2 (s) |
-515.9 |
|
PbS (s) |
-100.4 |
|
Pb(NO3)2 (s) |
-451.9 |
|
PbO2 (s) |
-277.4 |
|
PbCl2 (s) |
-359.4 |
|
Lithium |
|
|
Li (s) |
0.0 |
|
Li (g) |
159.3 |
|
Li+ (aq) |
-278.5 |
|
LiH (s) |
-90.5 |
|
Li(OH) (s) |
-487.5 |
|
LiF (s) |
-616.0 |
|
Li2CO3 (s) |
-1215.9 |
|
Magnesium |
|
|
Mg2+ (aq) |
-466.9 |
|
Manganese |
|
|
Mn (s) |
0.0 |
|
Mn (g) |
280.7 |
|
Mn2+ (aq) |
-220.8 |
|
MnO (s) |
-385.2 |
|
MnO2 (s) |
-520.0 |
|
Mn2O3 (s) |
-959.0 |
|
Mn3O4 (s) |
-1387.8 |
|
MnO4– (aq) |
-541.4 |
|
MnO42– (aq) |
-653.0 |
|
Mercury |
|
|
Hg (l) |
0.0 |
|
Hg (g) |
61.4 |
|
Hg2+ (aq) |
171.1 |
|
Hg22+ (aq) |
172.4 |
|
HgO (s) (red) |
-90.8 |
|
HgO (s) (yellow) |
-90.5 |
|
HgCl2 (s) |
-224.3 |
|
Hg2Cl2 (s) |
-265.4 |
|
HgS (s) (red) |
-58.2 |
|
HgS (s) (black) |
-53.6 |
|
HgSO4 (s) |
-707.5 |
|
Nickel |
|
|
Ni2+ (aq) |
-54.0 |
|
Nitrogen |
|
|
N2 (g) |
0.0 |
|
N (g) |
472.7 |
|
NO (g) |
91.3 |
|
NO2 (g) |
33.2 |
|
N2O (g) |
81.6 |
|
N2O3 (g) |
86.6 |
|
NO3– (aq) |
-207.4 |
|
N2O4 (g) |
11.1 |
|
N2O5 (g) |
13.3 |
|
NH3 (g) |
-45.9 |
|
NH4+ (aq) |
-132.5 |
|
N2H4 (l) |
50.6 |
|
N2H4 (g) |
95.4 |
|
NH4NO3 (s) |
-365.6 |
|
NH4Cl (s) |
-314.4 |
|
NH4Br (s) |
-270.8 |
|
NH4I (s) |
-201.4 |
|
NH4NO2 (s) |
-256.5 |
|
HNO3 (l) |
-174.1 |
|
HNO3 (g) |
-133.9 |
|
Oxygen |
|
|
O2 (g) |
0.0 |
|
O (g) |
249.2 |
|
O3 (g) |
142.7 |
|
Phosphorus |
|
|
P4 (s) |
0.0 |
|
P4 (g) |
58.9 |
|
P (g) |
316.5 |
|
PH3 (g) |
5.4 |
|
PCl3 (g) |
-287.0 |
|
PCl5 (g) |
-374.9 |
|
P4O6 (s) |
-1640.1 |
|
P4O10 (s) |
-2984.0 |
|
PO43– (aq) |
-1277.4 |
|
HPO3 (s) |
-948.5 |
|
HPO42– (aq) |
-1292.1 |
|
H2PO42– (aq) |
-1296.3 |
|
H3PO2 (s) |
-604.6 |
|
H3PO3 (s) |
-964.4 |
|
H3PO4 (s) |
-1284.4 |
|
H3PO4 (l) |
-1271.7 |
|
H4P2O7 (s) |
-2241.0 |
|
POCl3 (l) |
-597.1 |
|
POCl3 (g) |
-558.5 |
|
Potassium |
|
|
K (s) |
0.0 |
|
K (g) |
89.0 |
|
K+ (aq) |
-252.4 |
|
KF (s) |
-567.3 |
|
KCl (s) |
-436.5 |
|
Rubidium |
|
|
Rb+ (aq) |
-251.2 |
|
Silicon |
|
|
Si (s) |
0.0 |
|
Si (g) |
450.0 |
|
SiO2 (s) |
-910.7 |
|
SiH4 (g) |
34.3 |
|
H2SiO3 (s) |
-1188.7 |
|
H4SiO4 (s) |
-1481.1 |
|
SiF4 (g) |
-1615.0 |
|
SiCl4 (l) |
-687.0 |
|
SiCl4 (g) |
-657.0 |
|
SiC (s, beta cubic) |
-65.3 |
|
SiC (s, alpha hexagonal) |
-62.8 |
|
Silver |
|
|
Ag (s) |
0.0 |
|
Ag (g) |
284.9 |
|
Ag+ (aq) |
105.6 |
|
Ag2O (s) |
-31.1 |
|
AgCl (s) |
-127.0 |
|
Ag2S (s) |
-32.6 |
|
Sodium |
|
|
Na (s) |
0.0 |
|
Na (g) |
107.5 |
|
Na+ (aq) |
-240.1 |
|
Na2O (s) |
-414.2 |
|
NaCl (s) |
-411.2 |
|
Strontium |
|
|
Sr2+ (aq) |
-545.8 |
|
Sulfur |
|
|
S8 (s) (rhombic) |
0.0 |
|
S (g) |
277.2 |
|
S2– (aq) |
33.1 |
|
SO2 (g) |
-296.8 |
|
SO3 (g) |
-395.7 |
|
SO42– (aq) |
-909.3 |
|
S2O32– (aq) |
-652.3 |
|
H2S (g) |
-20.6 |
|
HS– (aq) |
-17.6 |
|
H2SO4 (l) |
-814.0 |
|
HSO42– (aq) |
-887.3 |
|
H2S2O7 (s) |
-1273.6 |
|
SF4 (g) |
-763.2 |
|
SF6 (g) |
-1220.5 |
|
SCl2 (l) |
-50.0 |
|
SCl2 (g) |
-19.7 |
|
S2Cl2 (l) |
-59.4 |
|
S2Cl2 (g) |
-19.50 |
|
SOCl2 (g) |
-212.5 |
|
SOCl2 (l) |
-245.6 |
|
SO2Cl2 (l) |
-394.1 |
|
SO2Cl2 (g) |
-364.0 |
|
Tin |
|
|
Sn (s) |
0.0 |
|
Sn (g) |
301.2 |
|
SnO (s) |
-280.7 |
|
SnO2 (s) |
-577.6 |
|
SnCl4 (l) |
-511.3 |
|
SnCl4 (g) |
-471.5 |
|
Titanium |
|
|
Ti (s) |
0.0 |
|
Ti (g) |
473.0 |
|
TiO2 (s) |
-944.0 |
|
TiCl4 (l) |
-804.2 |
|
TiCl4 (g) |
-763.2 |
|
Tungsten |
|
|
W (s) |
0.0 |
|
W (g) |
849.4 |
|
WO3 (s) |
-842.9 |
|
Zinc |
|
|
Zn (s) |
0.0 |
|
Zn (g) |
130.4 |
|
Zn2+ (aq) |
-153.9 |
|
ZnO (s) |
-350.5 |
|
ZnCl2 (s) |
-415.1 |
|
ZnS (s) |
-206.0 |
|
ZnSO4 (s) |
-982.8 |
|
ZnCO3 (s) |
-812.8 |
|
Complexes |
|
|
[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis |
-898.7 |
|
[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans |
-896.2 |
|
NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] |
-837.6 |
|
[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 |
-2733.0 |
|
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis |
-874.9 |
|
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans |
-877.4 |
|
[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis |
-689.5 |
|
[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis |
-681.2 |
|
[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans |
-677.4 |
|
[Co(en)3](ClO4)3 |
-762.7 |
|
[Co(en)3]Br2 |
-595.8 |
|
[Co(en)3]I2 |
-475.3 |
|
[Co(en)3]I3 |
-519.2 |
|
[Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 |
-1034.7 |
|
[Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 |
-1088.7 |
|
[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 |
-1282.0 |
|
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 |
-1017.1 |
|
[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 |
-725.5 |
|
[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 |
-994.1 |
|
[Ni(NH3)6]Br2 |
-923.8 |
|
[Ni(NH3)6]I2 |
-808.3 |
REFERENCE
1. “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 100th Edition (Internet Version 2019), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
