Appendix B | Properties of the Elements

Kevin Roy; Mahdi Zeghal; Jessica M. Thomas; Kathy-Sarah Focsaneanu

Appendix B | Properties of the Elements

Element	Symbol	Atomic Number (Z)	Atomic Mass^1,2	State (standard conditions)	Common Oxidation States	Mass no. of Stable Isotopes³
Actinium	Ac	89	[227]	solid	+3
Aluminum	Al	13	26.98	solid	+3	27
Americium	Am	95	[243]	solid	+3, +4, +5, +6
Antimony	Sb	51	121.8	solid	+3, +5	121, 123
Argon	Ar	18	39.95	gas	0	36, 38, 40
Arsenic	As	33	74.92	solid	+3, +5, -3	75
Astatine	At	85	[210]	solid
Barium	Ba	56	137.3	solid	+2	130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Berkelium	Bk	97	[247]	solid	+3, +4
Beryllium	Be	4	9.012	solid	+2	9
Bismuth	Bi	83	209.0	solid	+3, +5	209
Bohrium	Bh	107	[264]	solid*	+7*
Boron	B	5	10.81	solid	+3	10, 11
Bromine	Br	35	79.90	liquid	+1, +5, -1	79, 81
Cadmium	Cd	48	112.4	solid	+2	106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116
Calcium	Ca	20	40.08	solid	+2	40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48
Californium	Cf	98	[251]	solid	+3
Carbon	C	6	12.01	solid	+2, +4, -4	12, 13
Cerium	Ce	58	140.1	solid	+3, +4	136, 138, 140, 142
Cesium	Cs	55	132.9	solid	+1	133
Chlorine	Cl	17	35.45	gas	+1, +5, +7, -1	35, 37
Chromium	Cr	24	52.00	solid	+2, +3, +6	50, 52, 53, 54
Cobalt	Co	27	58.93	solid	+2, +3	59
Copernicium	Cn	112	[285]	liquid/gas*	+2, +4*
Copper	Cu	29	63.55	solid	+1, +2	63, 65
Curium	Cm	96	[247]	solid	+3
Darmstadtium	Ds	110	[271]	solid*	+2, +4, +6*
Dubnium	Db	105	[262]	solid*	+5*
Dysprosium	Dy	66	162.5	solid	+3	156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164
Einsteinium	Es	99	[252]	solid	+3
Erbium	Er	68	167.3	solid	+3	162, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170
Europium	Eu	63	152.0	solid	+2, +3	151, 153
Fermium	Fm	100	[257]	solid	+3
Flerovium	Fl	114	[289]	liquid/gas*	+2, +4*
Fluorine	F	9	19.00	gas	-1	19
Francium	Fr	87	[223]	solid/liquid*	+1
Gadolinium	Gd	64	157.3	solid	+3	152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160
Gallium	Ga	31	69.72	solid	+3	69, 71
Germanium	Ge	32	72.63	solid	+2, +4	70, 72, 73, 74, 76
Gold	Au	79	197.0	solid	+1, +3	197
Hafnium	Hf	72	178.5	solid	+4	174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
Hassium	Hs	108	[265]	solid*	+8*
Helium	He	2	4.003	gas	0	3, 4
Holmium	Ho	67	164.9	solid	+3	165
Hydrogen	H	1	1.008	gas	+1	1, 2
Indium	In	49	114.8	solid	+3	113, 115
Iodine	I	53	126.9	solid	+1, +5, +7, -1	127
Iridium	Ir	77	192.2	solid	+3, +4	191, 193
Iron	Fe	26	55.85	solid	+2, +3	54, 56, 57, 58
Krypton	Kr	36	83.80	gas	0	78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86
Lanthanum	La	57	138.9	solid	+3	138, 139
Lawrencium	Lr	103	[260]	solid	+3
Lead	Pb	82	207.2	solid	+2, +4	204, 206, 207, 208
Lithium	Li	3	6.94	solid	+1	6, 7
Livermorium	Lv	116	[293]	solid*	+2, +4*
Lutetium	Lu	71	175.0	solid	+3	175, 176
Magnesium	Mg	12	24.31	solid	+2	24, 25, 26
Manganese	Mn	25	54.94	solid	+2, +3, +4, +7	55
Meitnerium	Mt	109	[268]	solid*	+1, +3, +6*
Mendelevium	Md	101	[258]	solid	+2, +3
Mercury	Hg	80	200.6	liquid	+1, +2	196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204
Molybdenum	Mo	42	95.95	solid	+6	92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Moscovium	Mc	115	[290]	solid*	+1, +3*
Neodymium	Nd	60	144.2	solid	+3	142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150
Neon	Ne	10	20.18	gas	0	20, 21, 22
Neptunium	Np	93	[237]	solid	+3, +4, +5, +6
Nickel	Ni	28	58.69	solid	+2, +3	58, 60, 61, 62, 64
Nihonium	Nh	113	[286]	solid*	+1, +3*
Niobium	Nb	41	92.91	solid	+3, +5	93
Nitrogen	N	7	14.01	gas	+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, -1, -3	14, 15
Nobelium	No	102	[259]	solid	+2, +3
Oganesson	Og	118	[294]	solid*	0, +2, +4*
Osmium	Os	76	190.2	solid	+3, +4	184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192
Oxygen	O	8	16.00	gas	-2	16, 17, 18
Palladium	Pd	46	106.4	solid	+2, +3	102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110
Phosphorus	P	15	30.97	solid	+3, +5, -3	31
Platinum	Pt	78	195.1	solid	+2, +4	190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198
Plutonium	Pu	94	[244]	solid	+3, +4, +5, +6
Polonium	Po	84	[209]	solid	+2, +4
Potassium	K	19	39.10	solid	+1	39, 40, 41
Praseodymium	Pr	59	140.9	solid	+3	141
Promethium	Pm	61	[145]	solid	+3
Protactinium	Pa	91	231.0	solid	+4, +5	231
Radium	Ra	88	[226]	solid	+2
Radon	Rn	86	[222]	gas	0
Rhenium	Re	75	186.2	solid	+4, +6, +7	185, 187
Rhodium	Rh	45	102.9	solid	+3	103
Roentgenium	Rg	111	[282]	solid*	+3, +5, -1*
Rubidium	Rb	37	85.47	solid	+1	85, 87
Ruthenium	Ru	44	101.1	solid	+3	100, 101, 102, 104
Rutherfordium	Rf	104	[267]	solid*	+4
Samarium	Sm	62	150.4	solid	+2, +3	144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154
Scandium	Sc	21	44.96	solid	+3	45
Seaborgium	Sg	106	[269]	solid*	+6*
Selenium	Se	34	78.97	solid	+4, +6, -2	74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82
Silicon	Si	14	28.09	solid	+2, +4, -4	28, 29
Silver	Ag	47	107.9	solid	+1	107, 109
Sodium	Na	11	22.99	solid	+1	23
Strontium	Sr	38	87.62	solid	+2	84, 86, 87, 88
Sulfur	S	16	32.06	solid	+4, +6, -2	32, 33, 34, 36
Tantalum	Ta	73	180.9	solid	+5	180, 181
Technetium	Tc	43	[97]	solid	+4, +6, +7
Tellurium	Te	52	127.6	solid	+4, +6, -2	120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130
Tennessine	Ts	117	[294]	solid*	+1, +3, +5*
Terbium	Tb	65	158.9	solid	+3	159
Thallium	Tl	81	204.4	solid	+1, +3	203, 205
Thorium	Th	90	232.0	solid	+4	232
Thulium	Tm	69	168.9	solid	+3	169
Tin	Sn	50	118.7	solid	+2, +4	112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124
Titanium	Ti	22	47.87	solid	+2, +3, +4	46, 47, 48, 49, 50
Tungsten	W	74	183.8	solid	+6	180, 182, 183, 184, 186
Uranium	U	92	238.0	solid	+3, +4, +5, +6	234, 235, 238
Vanadium	V	23	50.94	solid	+2, +3, +4, +5	50, 51
Xenon	Xe	54	131.3	gas	0	124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136
Ytterbium	Yb	70	173.0	solid	+2, +3	168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176
Yttrium	Y	39	88.91	solid	+3	89
Zinc	Zn	30	65.38	solid	+2	64, 66, 67, 68, 70
Zirconium	Zr	40	91.22	solid	+4	90, 91, 92, 94, 96

¹Atomic masses are given to four significant figures where possible.

²Atomic masses given in brackets denote the mass of the longest-lived isotope.

³Includes radioactive isotopes of very long lifetimes, whose terrestrial abundance is effectively stable.

*Predicted.

REFERENCES

1. Coursey, J.S., Schwab, D.J., Tsai, J.J., and Dragoset, R.A. (2015), Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1). [Online] Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Comp [2020, August, 9]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.

2. Holden, N. E.; Coplen, T. B.; Böhlke, J. K.; Tarbox, L. V.; Benefield, J.; Laeter, J. R. D.; Mahaffy, P. G.; O’Connor, G.; Roth, E.; Tepper, D. H.; Walczyk, T.; Wieser, M. E.; Yoneda, S. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) for the Education Community (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry 2018, 90 (12), 1833–2092.

3. “Summary of Properties of the Elements” in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 100st Edition (Internet Version 2019), John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

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