Changes From Previous Version

This book is an adaptation of Introductory Statistics by Open Stax, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.  Additional content was incorporated from Introduction to Business Statistics by Open Stax, licensed under a Create Commons Attribution 4.0 license, and other open materials.

The following is a summary of changes that were made in this version:

Overall
  • Book reformatted for Pressbooks.
  • Chapters were moved, combined, or separated.
  • Sub-chapters were moved, combined, or separated, with some new sub-chapters added.
  • Latex code updated throughout.
  • Moved learning objectives from beginning of each chapter to appropriate sub-chapter
  • Revised and updated learning objectives at the start of every sub-chapter.
  • Revised and updated chapter and sub-chapter titles throughout.
  • Revised, rewrote, and updated content throughout.
  • Added instructions for using Excel throughout.
  • Replaced all by-hand and graphing calculator solutions with Excel calculations and solutions.
  • Added additional images and videos.
  • End matter from each chapter was removed, except for exercises sub-chapter.
  • Reformatted and renumbered exercises in exercise sub-chapters, with unnecessary exercises removed.
  • Removed appendices.
  • Removed collaborative exercises.
  • Removed statistics lab activities from the end of each chapter.
  • Added chapter on multiple regression.
Chapter 1:  Sampling and Data
  • Added definition of cumulative frequency and added cumulative frequency to example.
Chapter 2:  Descriptive Statistics
  • Removed sub-chapters on stem-and-leaf plots and box plots.
  • Changed order of sub-chapters.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added content on range.
  • Removed formulas for finding percentiles manually.
  • Changed the interpretation of percentiles and quartiles to “strictly less than”.
  • Added an example to calculate multiple modes in Excel.
  • Removed the content on the law of large numbers and the mean.
  • Removed content on grouped standard deviation.
  • Removed content on sampling variability of a statistic.
  • Removed the explanation of the manual calculation of the standard deviation.
Chapter 3:  Probability
  • Replaced sub-chapters on independent and mutually exclusive events and two basic rules of probability with separate sub-chapters for the complement rule, the addition rule, conditional probability, and joint probabilities.
  • Changed order of the sub-chapters.
  • Added examples about sample space, outcomes, events, and probability.
  • Added content about different approaches to probability.
  • Moved content about complement, or, conditional, and joint probabilities to separate sub-chapters.
  • Moved content on mutually exclusive and independent events to sub-chapters on the addition rule and conditional probability, respectively.
  • Added image illustrating the complement.
  • Added examples on using the complement.
  • Added content on repeated trial experiments.
  • Removed sub-chapter on trees and Venn diagrams.
Chapter 4:  Discrete Random Variables
  • Removed sub-chapters on geometric and hypergeometric distributions.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Updated the definition of binomial experiment.
  • Removed the probability distribution notation.
  • Added content about the mean and standard deviation of a Poisson distribution.
  • Added additional examples and exercises for calculating binomial and Poisson probabilities.
Chapter 5:  Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution
  • Combined chapters on Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution.
  • Removed sub-chapters on the uniform and exponential distributions.
  • Removed the probability distribution notation.
  • Removed references to probability density function.
  • Moved the content on the Empirical rule to a different sub-chapter.
  • Removed references to the standard normal distribution table.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises for calculating normal probabilities.
  • Added images of the normal distribution.
Chapter 6:  The Central Limit Theorem and Sampling Distributions
  • Removed sub-chapter on the central limit theorem for sums.
  • Added new sub-chapter on the sampling distribution of the sample proportion.
  • Moved content about distribution of the sample proportion from another chapter.
  • Added content about binomial distribution for the distribution of the sample proportion.
  • Updated notation for mean and standard deviation of the sample mean.
  • Rewrote the description of the sampling distribution of the sample means and the central limit theorem.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises for the sampling distributions.
  • Removed sub-chapter on using the central limit theorem.
  • Changed the notation for sample proportion.
Chapter 7:  Confidence Intervals for Single Population Parameters
  • Added images of normal and [latex]t[/latex]-distributions.
  • Updated some of the notation.
  • Added separate sub-chapter on finding the sample size and moved relevant content about finding the sample size from other sub-chapters.
  • Removed content on working backwards to find the error or sample mean.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
  • Removed references to the [latex]t[/latex]-distribution table.
  • Removed the probability distribution notation.
  • Moved content about the distribution of the sample proportion to another chapter.
  • Removed content on “plus four” confidence interval for proportions.
Chapter 8:  Hypothesis Tests for Single Population Parameters
  • Changed the null hypothesis to an :equal to”.
  • Replaced sub-chapter on additional information and hypothesis test examples with three new sub-chapters on hypothesis tests for population means and population proportions.
  • Moved content on hypothesis tests for means and hypothesis test for proportions to relevant new sub-chapters.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
  • Added steps to conduct a hypothesis test.
  • Added images of normal and [latex]t[/latex]-distributions.
Chapter 9:  Statistical Inference for Two Population Parameters
  • Reorganized the content of the chapter.
  • Added content on the distribution of the difference of the sample means and the distribution of the difference of the sample proportions.
  • Added steps to conduct the hypothesis tests.
  • Moved content about independent samples to a different sub-chapter.
  • Added definition of matched samples.
  • Added content on confidence intervals for the difference in two population parameters.
  • Added images of normal and [latex]t[/latex]-distributions.
  • Removed content on Cohen’s Effect size.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
Chapter 10:  Statistical Inferences using the [latex]\chi^2[/latex]-Distribution
  • Reorganized the content of the chapter.
  • Removed sub-chapters on test of homogeneity and comparison of the [latex]\chi^2[/latex] tests.
  • Added images of [latex]\chi^2[/latex]-distributions.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
  • Added content on the distribution of the sample variance.
  • Added steps to conduct the hypothesis tests.
  • Added content on confidence intervals for population variance.
Chapter 11:  Statistical Inferences using the [latex]F[/latex]-Distribution
  • Reorganized the content of the chapter.
  • Removed sub-chapter on the [latex]F[/latex]-distribution and the [latex]F[/latex]-ratio and moved content to sub-chapter on one-way ANOVA.
  • Added images of [latex]F[/latex]-distributions.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
  • Added content on the distribution of the ratio of sample variances.
  • Added content on confidence intervals for the ratio of population variances.
  • Added steps to conduct the hypothesis tests.
Chapter 12:  Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
  • Removed sub-chapter on testing the significance of the correlation coefficient, prediction, and outliers.
  • Reorganized the content of the chapter.
  • Added sub-chapters on correlation, coefficient of determination, and standard error of the estimate.
  • Removed some examples and exercises.
  • Added additional examples and exercises.
  • Added content on dependent and independent variables.
  • Moved content on correlation into separate sub-chapter.
  • Simplified discussion about the least squares method.
  • Moved content on predictions into sub-chapter on the regression equation.
  • Moved content on coefficient of determination into separate sub-chapter.
  • Added content on standard error of the estimate.
Chapter 13:  Multiple Regression
  • Created this new chapter.

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Introduction to Statistics Copyright © 2022 by Valerie Watts is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.