4.6 Exercises

1. A company wants to evaluate its attrition rate, in other words, how long new hires stay with the company. Over the years, they have established the following probability distribution. Let [latex]X[/latex] be the number of years a new hire will stay with the company.  Let [latex]P(x)[/latex]  be the probability that a new hire will stay with the company [latex]x[/latex] years.

1. Complete the table using the data provided.

2. [latex]P(x = 4) =?[/latex]
3.  [latex]P(x  \geq 5) =?[/latex]
4. On average, how long would you expect a new hire to stay with the company?
5. What does the column “[latex]P(x)[/latex]” sum to?

2. A baker is deciding how many batches of muffins to make to sell in his bakery. He wants to make enough to sell every one and no fewer. Through observation, the baker has established a probability distribution.

1. Define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What is the probability the baker will sell more than one batch?
3. What is the probability the baker will sell exactly one batch?
4. On average, how many batches should the baker make?

3. Ellen has music practice three days a week. She practices for all of the three days [latex]85\%[/latex] of the time, two days [latex]8\%[/latex]of the time, one day [latex]4\%[/latex] of the time, and no days [latex]3\%[/latex] of the time. One week is selected at random.

1. Define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. Construct a probability distribution table for the data.

4. We know that for a probability distribution function to be discrete, it must have two characteristics. One is that the sum of the probabilities is one. What is the other characteristic?

5.Javier volunteers in community events each month. He does not do more than five events in a month. He attends exactly five events [latex]35\%[/latex] of the time, four events [latex]25\%[/latex] of the time, three events [latex]20\%[/latex] of the time, two events [latex]10\%[/latex] of the time, one event [latex]5\%[/latex] of the time, and no events [latex]5\%[/latex] of the time.

1.  Define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What values does [latex]x[/latex] take on?
3. Construct a PDF table.
4. Find the probability that Javier volunteers for less than three events each month.
5. Find the probability that Javier volunteers for at least one event each month.

6. Suppose that the PDF for the number of years it takes to earn a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree is given in the following table.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What does it mean that the values zero, one, and two are not included for [latex]x[/latex] in the PDF?

7. Complete the expected value table.

8. Find the expected value from the expected value table.

9. Find the standard deviation.

10. Identify the mistake in the probability distribution table.

11. Identify the mistake in the probability distribution table.

12. A physics professor wants to know what percent of physics majors will spend the next several years doing post-graduate research. He has the following probability distribution.

1. Define the random variable X.
2. Define [latex]P(x)[/latex], or the probability of [latex]x[/latex].
3. Find the probability that a physics major will do post-graduate research for four years.
4. Find the probability that a physics major will do post-graduate research for at most three years.
5. On average, how many years would you expect a physics major to spend doing post-graduate research?

13. A ballet instructor is interested in knowing what percent of each year’s class will continue on to the next, so that she can plan what classes to offer. Over the years, she has established the following probability distribution.

• Let [latex]X[/latex]  be the number of years a student will study ballet with the teacher.
• Let [latex]P(x)[/latex] be  the probability that a student will study ballet [latex]x[/latex] years.

1. Complete the table using the data provided.

2. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
3. [latex]P(x = 4) = ?[/latex]
4. [latex]P(x \lt 4) = ?[/latex]
5. On average, how many years would you expect a child to study ballet with this teacher?
6. What does the column [latex]P(x)[/latex] sum to and why?
7. What does the column “[latex]x \times P(x)[/latex]” sum to and why?

14. You are playing a game by drawing a card from a standard deck and replacing it. If the card is a face card, you win $30. If it is not a face card, you pay $2. There are 12 face cards in a deck of 52 cards. What is the expected value of playing the game?

15. You are playing a game by drawing a card from a standard deck and replacing it. If the card is a face card, you win $30. If it is not a face card, you pay $2. There are 12 face cards in a deck of 52 cards. Should you play the game?

16. A theater group holds a fund-raiser. It sells 100 raffle tickets for $5 apiece. Suppose you purchase four tickets. The prize is two passes to a Broadway show, worth a total of $150.

1. What are you interested in here?
2. In words, define the random variable[latex]X[/latex].
3. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
4. Construct a PDF.
5. If this fund-raiser is repeated often and you always purchase four tickets, what would be your expected average winnings per raffle?

17. A game involves selecting a card from a regular 52-card deck and tossing a coin. The coin is a fair coin and is equally likely to land on heads or tails.

• If the card is a face card, and the coin lands on Heads, you win $6
• If the card is a face card, and the coin lands on Tails, you win $2
• If the card is not a face card, you lose $2, no matter what the coin shows.

1. Find the expected value for this game (expected net gain or loss).
2. Explain what your calculations indicate about your long-term average profits and losses on this game.
3. Should you play this game to win money?

18. You buy a lottery ticket to a lottery that costs $10 per ticket. There are only 100 tickets available to be sold in this lottery. In this lottery there are one $500 prize, two $100 prizes, and four $25 prizes. Find your expected gain or loss.

19. Complete the PDF and answer the questions.

1. Find the probability that [latex]x = 2[/latex].
2. Find the expected value.

20. Suppose that you are offered the following “deal.” You roll a die. If you roll a six, you win $10. If you roll a four or five, you win $5. If you roll a one, two, or three, you pay $6.

1. What are you ultimately interested in here (the value of the roll or the money you win)?
2. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
3. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
4. Construct a PDF.
5. Over the long run of playing this game, what are your expected average winnings per game?
6. Based on numerical values, should you take the deal? Explain your decision in complete sentences.

21. A venture capitalist, willing to invest $1,000,000, has three investments to choose from. The first investment, a software company, has a 10% chance of returning $5,000,000 profit, a 30% chance of returning $1,000,000 profit, and a 60% chance of losing the million dollars. The second company, a hardware company, has a 20% chance of returning $3,000,000 profit, a 40% chance of returning $1,000,000 profit, and a 40% chance of losing the million dollars. The third company, a biotech firm, has a 10% chance of returning $6,000,000 profit, a 70% of no profit or loss, and a 20% chance of losing the million dollars.

1. Construct a PDF for each investment.
2. Find the expected value for each investment.
3. Which is the safest investment? Why do you think so?
4. Which is the riskiest investment? Why do you think so?
5. Which investment has the highest expected return, on average?

22. Suppose that 20,000 married adults in the United States were randomly surveyed as to the number of children they have. The results are compiled and are used as theoretical probabilities. Let [latex]X[/latex] be the number of children married people have.

1. Find the probability that a married adult has three children.
2. In words, what does the expected value in this example represent?
3. Find the expected value.
4. Is it more likely that a married adult will have two to three children or four to six children? How do you know?

23. Suppose that the PDF for the number of years it takes to earn a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree is given as in following table.  On average, how many years do you expect it to take for an individual to earn a B.S.?

24. People visiting video rental stores often rent more than one DVD at a time. The probability distribution for DVD rentals per customer at Video To Go is given in the following table. There is a five-video limit per customer at this store, so nobody ever rents more than five DVDs.

1. Describe the random variable [latex]X[/latex] in words.
2. Find the probability that a customer rents three DVDs.
3. Find the probability that a customer rents at least four DVDs.
4. Find the probability that a customer rents at most two DVDs.

Another shop, Entertainment Headquarters, rents DVDs and video games. The probability distribution for DVD rentals per customer at this shop is given as follows. They also have a five-DVD limit per customer.

5. At which store is the expected number of DVDs rented per customer higher?
6. If Video to Go estimates that they will have 300 customers next week, how many DVDs do they expect to rent next week? Answer in sentence form.
7. If Video to Go expects 300 customers next week, and Entertainment HQ projects that they will have 420 customers, for which store is the expected number of DVD rentals for next week higher? Explain.
8. Which of the two video stores experiences more variation in the number of DVD rentals per customer? How do you know that?

25. A “friend” offers you the following “deal.” For a $10 fee, you may pick an envelope from a box containing 100 seemingly identical envelopes. However, each envelope contains a coupon for a free gift.

• Ten of the coupons are for a free gift worth $6.
• Eighty of the coupons are for a free gift worth $8.
• Six of the coupons are for a free gift worth $12.
• Four of the coupons are for a free gift worth $40.

Based upon the financial gain or loss over the long run, should you play the game?

26. Florida State University has 14 statistics classes scheduled for its Summer 2013 term. One class has space available for 30 students, eight classes have space for 60 students, one class has space for 70 students, and four classes have space for 100 students.

1. What is the average class size assuming each class is filled to capacity?
2. Space is available for 980 students. Suppose that each class is filled to capacity and select a statistics student at random. Let the random variable [latex]X[/latex] equal the size of the student’s class. Define the PDF for [latex]X[/latex].
3. Find the mean of [latex]X[/latex].
4. Find the standard deviation of [latex]X[/latex].

27. In a lottery, there are 250 prizes of $5, 50 prizes of $25, and ten prizes of $100. Assuming that 10,000 tickets are to be issued and sold, what is a fair price to charge to break even?

28. The Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA collected data from 203,967 incoming first-time, full-time freshmen from 270 four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. 71.3% of those students replied that, yes, they believe that same-sex couples should have the right to legal marital status. Suppose that you randomly pick eight first-time, full-time freshmen from the survey. You are interested in the number that believes that same sex-couples should have the right to legal marital status.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What values does the random variable [latex]X[/latex] take on?
3. Construct the probability distribution function (PDF) table for [latex]X[/latex].
4. On average, how many would you expect to answer yes?
5. What is the standard deviation?
6. What is the probability that at most five of the freshmen reply “yes”?
7. What is the probability that at least two of the freshmen reply “yes”?

29. According to a recent article the average number of babies born with significant hearing loss (deafness) is approximately two per 1,000 babies in a healthy baby nursery. The number climbs to an average of 30 per 1,000 babies in an intensive care nursery.  Suppose that 1,000 babies from healthy baby nurseries were randomly surveyed. Find the probability that exactly two babies were born deaf.

30. Recently, a nurse commented that when a patient calls the medical advice line claiming to have the flu, the chance that he or she truly has the flu (and not just a nasty cold) is only about 4%. Of the next 25 patients calling in claiming to have the flu, we are interested in how many actually have the flu.

1. Define the random variable and list its possible values.
2. State the distribution of [latex]X[/latex].
3. Find the probability that at least four of the 25 patients actually have the flu.
4. On average, for every 25 patients calling in, how many do you expect to have the flu?

31. A school newspaper reporter decides to randomly survey 12 students to see if they will attend Tet (Vietnamese New Year) festivities this year. Based on past years, she knows that 18% of students attend Tet festivities. We are interested in the number of students who will attend the festivities.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many of the 12 students do we expect to attend the festivities?
4. Find the probability that at most four students will attend.
5. Find the probability that more than two students will attend.

32. The probability that the San Jose Sharks will win any given game is [latex]0.3694[/latex] based on a 13-year win history of 382 wins out of 1,034 games played (as of a certain date). An upcoming monthly schedule contains 12 games.

1. What is the expected number of wins for that upcoming month?
2. What is the probability that the San Jose Sharks win six games in that upcoming month?
3. What is the probability that the San Jose Sharks win at least five games in that upcoming month

33. A student takes a ten-question true-false quiz, but did not study and randomly guesses each answer. Find the probability that the student passes the quiz with a grade of at least 70% of the questions correct.

34. A student takes a 32-question multiple-choice exam, but did not study and randomly guesses each answer. Each question has three possible choices for the answer. Find the probability that the student guesses more than 75% of the questions correctly.

35. Six different colored dice are rolled. Of interest is the number of dice that show a one.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. On average, how many dice would you expect to show a one?
4. Find the probability that all six dice show a one.
5. Is it more likely that three or that four dice will show a one? Use numbers to justify your answer numerically.

36. More than 96 percent of the very largest colleges and universities (more than 15,000 total enrollments) have some online offerings. Suppose you randomly pick 13 such institutions. We are interested in the number that offer distance learning courses.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. On average, how many schools would you expect to offer such courses?
4. Find the probability that at most ten offer such courses.
5. Is it more likely that 12 or that 13 will offer such courses? Use numbers to justify your answer numerically and answer in a complete sentence.

37. Suppose that about 85% of graduating students attend their graduation. A group of 22 graduating students is randomly chosen.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many are expected to attend their graduation?
4. Find the probability that 17 or 18 attend.
5. Based on numerical values, would you be surprised if all 22 attended graduation? Justify your answer numerically.

38. At The Fencing Center, 60% of the fencers use the foil as their main weapon. We randomly survey 25 fencers at The Fencing Center. We are interested in the number of fencers who do not use the foil as their main weapon.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many are expected to not to use the foil as their main weapon?
4. Find the probability that six do not use the foil as their main weapon.
5. Based on numerical values, would you be surprised if all 25 did not use foil as their main weapon? Justify your answer numerically.

39. Approximately 8% of students at a local high school participate in after-school sports all four years of high school. A group of 60 seniors is randomly chosen. Of interest is the number who participated in after-school sports all four years of high school.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many seniors are expected to have participated in after-school sports all four years of high school?
4. Based on numerical values, would you be surprised if none of the seniors participated in after-school sports all four years of high school? Justify your answer numerically.
5. Based upon numerical values, is it more likely that four or that five of the seniors participated in after-school sports all four years of high school? Justify your answer numerically.

40. The chance of an IRS audit for a tax return with over $25,000 in income is about 2% per year. We are interested in the expected number of audits a person with that income has in a 20-year period. Assume each year is independent.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many audits are expected in a 20-year period?
4. Find the probability that a person is not audited at all.
5. Find the probability that a person is audited more than twice.

41. It has been estimated that only about 30% of California residents have adequate earthquake supplies. Suppose you randomly survey 11 California residents. We are interested in the number who have adequate earthquake supplies.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. What is the probability that at least eight have adequate earthquake supplies?
4. Is it more likely that none or that all of the residents surveyed will have adequate earthquake supplies? Why?
5. How many residents do you expect will have adequate earthquake supplies?

42. There are two similar games played for Chinese New Year and Vietnamese New Year. In the Chinese version, fair dice with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are used, along with a board with those numbers. In the Vietnamese version, fair dice with pictures of a gourd, fish, rooster, crab, crayfish, and deer are used. The board has those six objects on it, also. We will play with bets being $1. The player places a bet on a number or object. The “house” rolls three dice. If none of the dice show the number or object that was bet, the house keeps the $1 bet. If one of the dice shows the number or object bet (and the other two do not show it), the player gets back his or her $1 bet, plus $1 profit. If two of the dice show the number or object bet (and the third die does not show it), the player gets back his or her $1 bet, plus $2 profit. If all three dice show the number or object bet, the player gets back his or her $1 bet, plus $3 profit. Let [latex]X[/latex] be the number of matches and [latex]Y[/latex] be the profit per game.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. List the values that [latex]Y[/latex] may take on. Then, construct one PDF table that includes both [latex]X[/latex]and [latex]Y[/latex]and their probabilities.
4. Calculate the average expected matches over the long run of playing this game for the player.
5. Calculate the average expected earnings over the long run of playing this game for the player.
6. Determine who has the advantage, the player or the house.

43. According to The World Bank, only 9% of the population of Uganda had access to electricity as of 2009. Suppose we randomly sample 150 people in Uganda. Let [latex]X[/latex]  be the number of people who have access to electricity.

1. What is the probability distribution for [latex]X[/latex]?
2. Using the formulas, calculate the mean and standard deviation of [latex]X[/latex].
3. Use your calculator to find the probability that 15 people in the sample have access to electricity.
4. Find the probability that at most ten people in the sample have access to electricity.
5. Find the probability that more than 25 people in the sample have access to electricity.

44. The literacy rate for a nation measures the proportion of people age 15 and over that can read and write. The literacy rate in Afghanistan is 28.1%. Suppose you choose 15 people in Afghanistan at random. Let [latex]X [/latex] be the number of people who are literate.

1. What is the mean of [latex]X[/latex]?
2. What is the standard deviation of [latex]X[/latex]?
3. Find the probability that more than five people in the sample are literate. Is it is more likely that three people or four people are literate.

45. On average, a clothing store gets 120 customers per day.

1. Assume the event occurs independently in any given day. Define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What values does [latex]X[/latex] take on?
3. What is the probability of getting 150 customers in one day?
4. What is the probability of getting 35 customers in the first four hours? Assume the store is open 12 hours each day.
5. What is the probability that the store will have more than 12 customers in the first hour?
6. What is the probability that the store will have fewer than 12 customers in the first two hours?

46. On average, eight teens in the U.S. die from motor vehicle injuries per day. As a result, states across the country are debating raising the driving age.

1. Assume the event occurs independently in any given day. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. What values does [latex]X[/latex] take on?
3. For the given values of the random variable [latex]X[/latex], fill in the corresponding probabilities.
4.  Is it likely that there will be no teens killed from motor vehicle injuries on any given day in the U.S? Justify your answer numerically.
5. Is it likely that there will be more than 20 teens killed from motor vehicle injuries on any given day in the U.S.? Justify your answer numerically.

47. The switchboard in a Minneapolis law office gets an average of 5.5 incoming phone calls during the noon hour on Mondays. Experience shows that the existing staff can handle up to six calls in an hour. Let [latex]X[/latex] be the number of calls received at noon.

1. Find the mean and standard deviation of [latex]X[/latex].
2. What is the probability that the office receives at most six calls at noon on Monday?
3. Find the probability that the law office receives six calls at noon. What does this mean to the law office staff who get, on average, 5.5 incoming phone calls at noon?
4. What is the probability that the office receives more than eight calls at noon?

48. The maternity ward at Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital in Manila in the Philippines is one of the busiest in the world with an average of 60 births per day. Let [latex]X[/latex]  be the number of births in an hour.

1. Find the mean and standard deviation of [latex]X[/latex].
2. What is the probability that the maternity ward will deliver three babies in one hour?
3. What is the probability that the maternity ward will deliver at most three babies in one hour?
4. What is the probability that the maternity ward will deliver more than five babies in one hour?

49. A manufacturer of Christmas tree light bulbs knows that 3% of its bulbs are defective. Find the probability that a string of 100 lights contains at most four defective bulbs using both the binomial and Poisson distributions.

50. The average number of children a Japanese woman has in her lifetime is 1.37. Suppose that one Japanese woman is randomly chosen.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. Find the probability that she has no children.
4. Find the probability that she has fewer children than the Japanese average.
5. Find the probability that she has more children than the Japanese average.

51. The average number of children a Spanish woman has in her lifetime is 1.47. Suppose that one Spanish woman is randomly chosen.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. Find the probability that she has no children.
4. Find the probability that she has fewer children than the Spanish average.
5. Find the probability that she has more children than the Spanish average .

52. Fertile, female cats produce an average of three litters per year. Suppose that one fertile, female cat is randomly chosen. In one year, find the probability she produces:

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. Find the probability that she has no litters in one year.
4. Find the probability that she has at least two litters in one year.
5. Find the probability that she has exactly three litters in one year.

53. The chance of having an extra fortune in a fortune cookie is about 3%. Given a bag of 144 fortune cookies, we are interested in the number of cookies with an extra fortune. Two distributions may be used to solve this problem, but only use one distribution to solve the problem.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many cookies do we expect to have an extra fortune?
4. Find the probability that none of the cookies have an extra fortune.
5. Find the probability that more than three have an extra fortune.
6. As [latex]n[/latex] increases, what happens involving the probabilities using the two distributions? Explain in complete sentences.

54. According to the South Carolina Department of Mental Health web site, for every 200 U.S. women, the average number who suffer from anorexia is one. Out of a randomly chosen group of 600 U.S. women determine the following.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many are expected to suffer from anorexia?
4. Find the probability that no one suffers from anorexia.
5. Find the probability that more than four suffer from anorexia.

55. The chance of an IRS audit for a tax return with over $25,000 in income is about 2% per year. Suppose that 100 people with tax returns over $25,000 are randomly picked. We are interested in the number of people audited in one year. Use a Poisson distribution to answer the following questions.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many are expected to be audited?
4. Find the probability that no one was audited.
5. Find the probability that at least three were audited.

56. Approximately 8% of students at a local high school participate in after-school sports all four years of high school. A group of 60 seniors is randomly chosen. Of interest is the number that participated in after-school sports all four years of high school.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. How many seniors are expected to have participated in after-school sports all four years of high school?
4. Based on numerical values, would you be surprised if none of the seniors participated in after-school sports all four years of high school? Justify your answer numerically.
5. Based on numerical values, is it more likely that four or that five of the seniors participated in after-school sports all four years of high school? Justify your answer numerically.

57. On average, Pierre, an amateur chef, drops three pieces of egg shell into every two cake batters he makes. Suppose that you buy one of his cakes.

1. In words, define the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. List the values that [latex]X[/latex] may take on.
3. On average, how many pieces of egg shell do you expect to be in the cake?
4. What is the probability that there will not be any pieces of egg shell in the cake?
5. Let’s say that you buy one of Pierre’s cakes each week for six weeks. What is the probability that there will not be any egg shell in any of the cakes?
6. Based upon the average given for Pierre, is it possible for there to be seven pieces of shell in the cake? Why?

58. The average number of times per week that Mrs. Plum’s cats wake her up at night because they want to play is ten. We are interested in the number of times her cats wake her up each week.

1. In words, describe the random variable [latex]X[/latex].
2. Find the probability that her cats will wake her up no more than five times next week.

Attribution

“Chapter 4 Homework” and “Chapter 4 Practice” in Introductory Statistics by OpenStax Rice University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.