Appendix 5 Thermodynamic Data
This Appendix contains thermodynamic data for compound and elements at 25.00℃ and 100 kPa of pressure (1 bar).
The information is organized alphabetically by the element symbol (iron is under F for Fe). In multi-element compounds, the first element or most prominent element serves as the indexing element. For example, all organic compounds are found under “C” for Carbon.
Standard state is defined as pressure = 100 kPa exactly. Note that some similar data tables from other sources use the old standard state of 1 atm. States are specified as solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or as a solute in aqueous solution (aq). Note that the standard solution concentration used is 1 molal (1 mol solute/kg solvent).
| Formula | ΔfH° (kJ/mol) | ΔfG° (kJ/mol) | S° (J/mol-K) | Cp° (J/K-mol) |
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 24.35 |
| Al2O3(s) | -1675.7 | -1582.3 | 50.9 | 79.04 |
| AlCl3(s) | -704.2 | -628.8 | 110.67 | 91.84 |
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.55 | 25.351 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105.579 | 77.107 | 72.68 | – |
| AgCl(s) | -127.068 | -109.789 | 96.2 | 50.79 |
| AgCl2–(aq) | -245.2 | -215.4 | 231.4 | – |
| AgBr(s) | -100.37 | -96.90 | 107.1 | 52.38 |
| Ag(NH3)2+ | -111.29 | -17.12 | 245.2 | – |
| AgCN(s) | 146.0 | 156.9 | 107.19 | 66.73 |
| Ag(CN)2–(aq) | 270.3 | 305.5 | 192 | – |
| Ar(g) | 0 | 0 | 154.843 | 20.786 |
| Ar(aq) | -12.1 | 16.4 | 59.4 | |
| As(s) | 0 | 0 | 35.1 | 24.64 |
| As2O5(s) | -924.87 | -782.3 | -105.4 | 116.52 |
| As4O6(s) | -1313.94 | 1152.43 | 214.2 | 191.29 |
| AsH3(g) | 66.44 | 68.93 | 222.78 | 38.07 |
| AsCl3(l) | -305.0 | -259.4 | 216.3 | |
| AsCl3(g) | -261.5 | -248.9 | 327.17 | 75.73 |
| B | 0 | 0 | 5.86 | 11.09 |
| BF3(g) | -1137.0 | -1120.33 | 254.12 | 50.46 |
| BCl3(l) | -427.2 | -387.4 | 206.3 | 106.7 |
| BCl3(g) | -403.8 | -388.77 | 290.10 | 62.72 |
| B2O3(s) | -1094.33 | -1193.65 | 53.97 | 62.93 |
| H2BO3(s) | -1094.33 | -968.92 | 88.83 | 81.38 |
| B2H6(g) | 25.6 | 86.7 | 232.11 | 56.90 |
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.8 | 28.07 |
| Ba2+(aq) | -537.64 | -560.77 | 9.6 | |
| BaO(s) | -553.5 | -525.1 | 70.42 | 47.78 |
| BaCl2(s) | -858.6 | -810.4 | 123.68 | 75.14 |
| BaSO4(s) | -1473.2 | -1362.2 | 132.2 | 101.75 |
| BaCO3(s) | -1216.3 | -1137.6 | 112.1 | 85.35 |
| Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.50 | 16.44 |
| BeO(s) | -609.6 | 580.3 | 14.14 | 25.52 |
| BeCl2(s) | -858.6 | -810.4 | 123.68 | 75.14 |
| BeSO4(s) | -1205.2 | -1093.8 | 77.91 | 85.69 |
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.231 | 75.689 |
| Br2(g) | 30.907 | 3.110 | 245.463 | 36.02 |
| Br(g) | 111.884 | 82.396 | 175.022 | 20.786 |
| HBr(g) | 36.40 | -53.45 | 198.695 | 29.142 |
| BrF(g) | -93.85 | -109.18 | 228.95 | 32.97 |
| BrF3(g) | -255.60 | -229.43 | 292.53 | 66.61 |
| BrF5(g) | -428.9 | -350.6 | 320.19 | 99.62 |
| C(s,graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.74 | 8.527 |
| C(s,diamond) | 1.895 | 2.900 | 2.377 | 6.113 |
| C60(s) | 2327. | – | – | – |
| C(g) | 716.682 | 671.257 | 158.096 | 20.838 |
| CO(g) | -110.525 | -137.168 | 197.674 | 29.142 |
| CO2(g) | -393.509 | -394.359 | 213.74 | 37.11 |
| H2CO3(aq) | -413.80 | -385.98 | -117.6 | – |
| HCO3–(aq) | -691.99 | -586.84 | 91.2 | – |
| CO32-(aq) | -677.14 | -527.86 | -56.9 | – |
| CH4(g) methane | -74.81 | -50.72 | 186.264 | 35.309 |
| CH4(aq) | -89.04 | -34.33 | 83.87 | – |
| C2H6(g) ethane | -84.68 | -32.82 | 229.60 | 52.63 |
| C3H8(g) propane | -103.847 | -23.370 | 270.019 | 73.789 |
| C4H10(g) n-butane | -126.148 | -16.985 | 310.227 | 98.273 |
| C4H10(g) methylpropane | -134.99 | -21.44 | 295.50 | 96.65 |
| C5H12(l) n=pentane | -173.49 | -9.71 | 263.47 | 167.19 |
| C5H12(g) | -146.76 | -8.65 | 349.56 | 120.04 |
| C5H12(g) 2-methylbutane | -153.70 | -13.86 | 343.74 | 118.87 |
| C5H12(g) 2,2-dimethylpropane | -167.92 | -16.82 | 306.00 | 120.88 |
| C6H14(l) n-hexane | -198.782 | -4.035 | 296.18 | 195.016 |
| C6H14(g) | -167.019 | -0.023 | 388.510 | 143.002 |
| C7H16(l) n-heptane | -224.388 | 1.327 | 328.570 | 224.723 |
| C7H16(g) | -187.778 | 8.290 | 428.007 | 165.918 |
| C8H18(l) n-octane | -249.952 | 6.707 | 361.205 | 254.094 |
| C8H18(g) | -208.447 | 16.719 | 466.835 | 193.833 |
| C6H12(l) cyclohexane | -156.231 | 26.886 | 204.347 | 156.482 |
| C6H12(g) | -123.135 | 31.956 | 298.345 | 105.558 |
| C2H4(g) ethene | 52.26 | 68.15 | 219.56 | 43.56 |
| C3H6(g) propene | 20.418 | 62.819 | 267.049 | 63.867 |
| C3H6(g) cyclopropane | 53.220 | 104.278 | 238.012 | 90.196 |
| C2H2(g) ethyne (acetylene) | 226.73 | 209.20 | 200.94 | 43.93 |
| C3H4(g) propyne | 185.435 | 194.487 | 248.221 | 60.677 |
| C6H6(l) benzene | 49.036 | 124.534 | 173.259 | 136.106 |
| C6H6(g) | 82.297 | 129.789 | 269.308 | 82.530 |
| C7H8(l) toluene | 12.008 | 113.959 | 220.957 | 166.021 |
| C7H8(g) | 49.999 | 122.191 | 320.771 | 105.085 |
| CH3OH(l) methanol | -238.66 | -166.27 | 126.8 | 81.6 |
| CH3OH(g) | -200.66 | -161.96 | 239.81 | 43.89 |
| C2H5OH(l) ethanol | -277.69 | -174.78 | 160.7 | 111.46 |
| C2H5OH(g) | -235.10 | -168.49 | 282.70 | 56.44 |
| (CH2OH)2(l) 1,2-ethanediol | -454.80 | -323.08 | 166.9 | 149.8 |
| HCHO(g) formaldehyde | -115.901 | -109.870 | 218.765 | 35.396 |
| CH3CHO(l) acetaldehyde | -192.30 | -128.12 | 160.2 | – |
| CH3CHO(g) | -166.19 | -128.86 | 250.3 | 57.3 |
| (CH3)2CO(l) acetone | -248.111 | -155.261 | 200.414 | 125.018 |
| (CH3)2CO(g) | -217.568 | -152.931 | 295.040 | 73.350 |
| (CH3)2O dimethyl ether | -184.05 | -112.59 | 266.38 | 64.39 |
| HCOOH(l) formic acid | -424.72 | -361.35 | 128.95 | 99.04 |
| HCOOH(aq) | -425.43 | -327.3 | 163 | – |
| HCOO–(aq) formate | -425.55 | -351.0 | 92 | – |
| CH3COOH(l) acetic acid | -484.5 | -389.9 | 159.8 | 124.3 |
| CH3COOH(aq) | -485.76 | -396.46 | 178.7 | – |
| CH3COO–(aq) acetate | -486.01 | -369.31 | 86.6 | – |
| (COOH)2(s) oxalic acid | -827.2 | – | – | 117 |
| CH3NH(l) methylamine | -47.3 | 35.7 | 150.21 | – |
| CH3NH(g) | -22.97 | 32.16 | 243.41 | 53.1 |
| (CH3)2NH(l) dimethylamine | -43.9 | 70.0 | 182.34 | 137.7 |
| CH3Cl(g) chloromethane | -80.83 | -57.37 | 234.58 | 40.75 |
| CH2Cl2(l) dichloromethane | -121.46 | -67.26 | 177.8 | 100.0 |
| CH2Cl2(g) | -92.47 | -65.87 | 270.23 | 50.96 |
| CHCl3(l) trichloromethane | -134.47 | -73.66 | 201.7 | 113.8 |
| CHCl3(g) | -103.14 | -70.34 | 295.71 | 65.69 |
| CCl4(l) tetrachloromethane | -135.44 | -65.21 | 216.40 | 131.75 |
| CCl4(g) | -102.9 | -60.59 | 309.85 | 83.30 |
| CFCl3(l) fluorotrichloromethane | -301.33 | -236.79 | 225.35 | 121.55 |
| CFCl3(g) | -276 | -238 | -309.93 | 78.07 |
| CH3NO2(l) nitromethane | -113.09 | -14.42 | 171.75 | 105.98 |
| Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.42 | 25.31 |
| Ca2+(aq) | -542.83 | -553.58 | -53.1 | |
| CaO(s) | -635.09 | -604.03 | 39.75 | 42.80 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | -986.09 | -898.49 | 83.39 | 87.49 |
| CaF2(s) | -1219.6 | -1167.3 | 68.87 | 67.03 |
| CaSO4∙2H2O(s) | -2022.63 | -1797.79 | 194.1 | 186.02 |
| CaCO3(s, calcite) | -1206.92 | -1128.79 | 92.9 | 81.88 |
| Cs(s) | 0 | 0 | 85.23 | 32.17 |
| Cs+(aq) | -258.28 | -292.02 | 133.05 | – |
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.066 | 33.907 |
| Cl2(aq) | -23.4 | 6.94 | 121 | – |
| Cl(g) | 121.679 | 105.680 | 165.198 | 21.840 |
| Cl–(aq) | -167.159 | -131.244 | 56.5 | – |
| ClO–(aq) | -107.1 | -36.6 | -42 | – |
| ClO4–(aq) | -129.33 | -8.52 | 182.0 | – |
| HCl (g) | -92.307 | -95.299 | 186.908 | 29.12 |
| HClO(aq) | -120.9 | -79.9 | 142 | – |
| ClF(g) | -54.48 | -55.94 | 217.78 | 32.05 |
| ClF3(g) | -163.2 | -123.0 | 281.61 | 63.85 |
| Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.77 | 23.35 |
| Cr2O72–(aq) dichromate | -1490.3 | -1301.1 | -261.9 | – |
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.15 | 24.435 |
| Cu+(aq) | 71.67 | 49.98 | 40.6 | – |
| Cu2+(aq) | 64.77 | 65.49 | -99.6 | – |
| Cu2O(s) | -168.6 | -146.0 | 93.14 | 63.64 |
| CuO(s) | -157.3 | -129.7 | 42.63 | 42.30 |
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.78 | 31.30 |
| F(g) | 78.99 | 61.91 | 158.754 | 22.744 |
| F–(aq) | -332.63 | -278.79 | -13.8 | – |
| HF(g) | -271.1 | -273.2 | 173.779 | 29.133 |
| HF(aq) | -320.08 | -296.85 | -88.7 | – |
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.28 | 25.10 |
| Fe2+(aq) | -89.1 | -78,90 | -137.7 | – |
| Fe3+(aq) | -48.5 | -4.7 | -315.9 | – |
| Fe2O3(s, hematite) | -824.2 | -742.2 | 87.4 | 103.85 |
| Fe2O4(s, magnetite) | -1118.4 | -1015.4 | 146.1 | 143.43 |
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.684 | 28.824 |
| H(g) | 217.965 | 203.247 | 114.713 | 20.784 |
| H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| OH–(aq) | -229.994 | -157.244 | -10.75 | – |
| H2O(s) | -291.829 | -273.28 | 21.96 | 36.9 |
| H2O(l) | -285.830 | -237.129 | 69.91 | 75.291 |
| H2O(g) | -241.818 | -228.572 | 188.825 | 33.577 |
| H2O2(l) | -187.78 | -120.35 | 109.6 | 89.1 |
| H2O2(g) | -136.31 | -105.57 | 232.6 | 43.1 |
| He(g) | 0 | 0 | 126.150 | 20.786 |
| He(aq) | -1.7 | 19.7 | 54.4 | – |
| Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 76.2 | 27.983 |
| Hg(g) | 61.317 | 31.820 | 174.96 | 20.786 |
| Hg2+(aq) | 171.1 | 164.40 | -32.2 | – |
| Hg22+(aq) | 172.4 | 153.52 | 84.50 | – |
| HgO(s) | -90.83 | -58.539 | 70.29 | 44.06 |
| HgS(s) | -58.2 | -50.6 | 82.4 | 48.41 |
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.135 | 54.438 |
| I2(g) | 62.438 | 19.36 | 260.69 | 36.90 |
| I(g) | 106.383 | 70.250 | 180.791 | 20.786 |
| I–(aq) | -55.19 | -51.57 | 111.3 | – |
| HI(g) | 26.48 | 1.70 | 206.594 | 29.158 |
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.18 | 29.58 |
| K+(aq) | -252.38 | -283.27 | 102.5 | – |
| KOH(s) | -424.764 | -379.08 | 78.9 | 64.9 |
| KCl(s) | -436.747 | -409.14 | 82.59 | 51.3 |
| Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.12 | 24.77 |
| Li+(aq) | -278.49 | -293.3 | 13.4 | 68.6 |
| LiOH(s) | -484.93 | -438.95 | 42.80 | 49.66 |
| LiCl(s) | -408.61 | -384.37 | 59.33 | 47.99 |
| Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.68 | 24.89 |
| Mg2+(aq) | -466.85 | -454.8 | -138.1 | – |
| MgO(s) | -601.70 | -569.45 | 26.94 | 37.15 |
| MgCO3(s) | -1095.8 | -1012.1 | 65.7 | 75.52 |
| MgSO4(s) | -1284.9 | -465.14 | 53.09 | 54.14 |
| Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.01 | 26.32 |
| Mn2+(aq) | -220.75 | -228.1 | -73.6 | – |
| MnO4– (aq) permanganate | -541.4 | -447.2 | 191.2 | – |
| MnO2(s) | -520.03 | -465.14 | 53.05 | 54.14 |
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.61 | 29.125 |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 455.563 | 153.289 | 20.786 |
| N2O(g) | 82.05 | 104.20 | 219.585 | 38.45 |
| NO(g) | 90.25 | 86.55 | 210.761 | 2.444 |
| N2O3(g) | 83.72 | 139.46 | 312.28 | 65.61 |
| NO2(g) | 33.18 | 51.31 | 240.06 | 37.20 |
| N2O4(l) | -19.50 | 97.54 | 209.2 | 142.7 |
| N2O4(g) | 9.16 | 97.89 | 304.29 | 77.28 |
| N2O5(g) | 11.3 | 115.1 | 355.7 | 84.5 |
| NH3(g) | -46.11 | -16.45 | 192.45 | 35.06 |
| NH3(aq) | -80.29 | -26.50 | 111.3 | – |
| NH4+(aq) | -132.51 | -79.31 | 113.4 | – |
| NO3–(aq) (nitrate) | -205.0 | -18.74 | 146.4 | – |
| HNO3(l) | -174.10 | -80.71 | 155.60 | 109.87 |
| NH4NO3(s) | -365.56 | -183.87 | 151.08 | 139.3 |
| NH4Cl(s) | -314.43 | -202.87 | 94.6 | 84.1 |
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.21 | 28.24 |
| Na+(aq) | -240.12 | -261.905 | 59.0 | – |
| NaCl(s) | -411.153 | -384.154 | 72.13 | 50.50 |
| NaH(s) | -56.275 | -33.46 | 40.016 | 36.401 |
| NaOH(s) | -425.609 | -379.494 | 64.455 | 59.54 |
| Na2CO3(s) | -1130.68 | 1044.44 | 134.98 | 112.30 |
| NaN3(s) | 21.71 | 93.81 | 96.86 | 76.61 |
| Na2S(s) | -364.8 | -349.8 | 83.7 | – |
| Ne(g) | 0 | 0 | 146.328 | 20.786 |
| Ne(aq) | -4.6 | 19.3 | 66.1 | – |
| Ni(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.87 | 26.07 |
| Ni2+(aq) | -54.0 | -45.6 | -128.9 | – |
| NiS(s) | -82.0 | -79.5 | 52.97 | 47.11 |
| Ni(CO)4(g) | -602.91 | -587.26 | 410.6 | 145.18 |
| Ni(CO)4(l) | -633.0 | -588.2 | 313.4 | 204.6 |
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.138 | 29.355 |
| O2(aq) | -11.7 | 16.4 | 110.9 | – |
| O(g) | 29.17 | 231.731 | 161.055 | 21.912 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.93 | 39.20 |
| P(s, white) | 0 | 0 | 41.09 | 23.840 |
| P(g) | 14.64 | 278.25 | 163.193 | 20.786 |
| P4(g) | 58.91 | 24.44 | 279.98 | 67.15 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.4 | 210.23 | 37.11 |
| P4O10(S) | -2984.0 | -2697.7 | 228.86 | 211.71 |
| H3PO4(aq) | -1288.34 | -1142.54 | 158.2 | – |
| H2PO4–(aq) | -1296.29 | -1130.28 | 90.4 | – |
| HPO42–(aq) | -1277.4 | -1089.23 | -33.5 | – |
| PO43–(aq) | -1277.4 | -1018.7 | -222 | – |
| PF3(g) | -918.8 | -897.5 | 273.24 | 58.70 |
| PCl3(g) | -287.0 | -267.8 | 311.78 | 71.84 |
| PCl5(g) | -374.9 | -305.0 | 364.58 | 112.80 |
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.81 | 26.44 |
| Pb2+(aq) | -1.7 | -24.43 | -137.7 | – |
| PbO2(s) | -277.4 | -217.33 | 68.6 | 64.64 |
| PbS(s) | -100.4 | -98.7 | 91.2 | 49.5 |
| PbSO4(s) | -919.94 | -813.14 | 148.57 | 103.207 |
| Pb(N3)2(s) | 478.2 | 624.8 | 148.1 | – |
| Rb(S) | 0 | 0 | 76.78 | 31.062 |
| Rb+(aq) | -251.17 | -283.98 | 121.50 | – |
| S(s, Rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 31.80 | 22.64 |
| S(g) | 278.805 | 238.250 | 167.821 | 23.673 |
| S2(g) | 128.37 | 79.30 | 228.18 | 32.47 |
| S8(g) | 102.30 | 49.63 | 430.98 | 156.44 |
| H2S(g) | -20.63 | -33.56 | 205.79 | 34.23 |
| H2S(aq) | -39.7 | -27.83 | 121 | – |
| HS–(aq) | -17.6 | 12.08 | 62.8 | – |
| S2–(aq) | 33.1 | 85.8 | -14.6 | – |
| SO2(g) | -296.830 | -300.194 | 248.22 | 39.87 |
| SO3(g) | -359.72 | -371.08 | 256.76 | 50.67 |
| H2SO4(l) | -813.989 | -690.003 | 156.904 | 138.91 |
| HSO4–(aq) | -887.34 | -755.99 | 131.8 | – |
| SO42–(aq) | -909.27 | -744.53 | 20.1 | – |
| SF4(g)) | -774.9 | -731.3 | -292.03 | 73.01 |
| SF6(g) | -1209 | -1105.3 | 291.82 | 97.28 |
| Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.83 | 20.00 |
| SiO2 (s, quartz) | -910.94 | -856.67 | 41.84 | 44.43 |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.62 | 42.84 |
| SiF4(g) | -1614.94 | -1572.65 | 282.49 | 73.64 |
| Sn(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.55 | 26.99 |
| SnH4(g) | 162.8 | 188.2 | 227.68 | 48.95 |
| Xe(g) | 0 | 0 | 169.683 | 20.786 |
| Xe(aq) | -17.6 | 13.4 | 65.7 | – |
| XeF4(s) | -261.5 | – | – | – |
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.63 | 25.40 |
| Zn2+(aq) | -153.89 | -147.06 | -112.1 | – |
| ZnO(s) | -348.28 | -318.32 | 43.63 | 40.25 |
| ZnS(s) | -205.98 | -201.29 | 57.7 | 46.0 |
