Chapter 18

Solutions

Exercise 18.1

Transaction Effect
Issuance of common shares NE
Share split NE
A revaluation of surplus resulting from a remeasurement of an available-for-sale asset NE
Declaration of a cash dividend D
Net income earned during the year I
Declaration of a share dividend D
Payment of a cash dividend NE
Issuance of preferred shares NE
Re-acquisition of common shares D or NE
Appropriation of retained earnings for a reserve D
A cumulative, preferred dividend that is unpaid at the end of the year NE

Exercise 18.2

General journal example.


Exercise 18.3

  1. General journal example.
  2. General journal example.
  3. General journal example.
  4. General journal example.
  5. General journal example.

Exercise 18.4

General journal example.


Exercise 18.5

General journal example.

Note: The contributed surplus is reduced on a pro-rata basis, as this surplus resulted from a share premium on issue, and not from a previous re-acquisition.


Exercise 18.6

General journal example.

Note: Average issue cost of shares = \frac{((150,000\;-\;10,000)\;\times\;\$25)\;+\;(20,000\;\times\;\$22)}{160,000\;shares}
= \$24.625\;per\;share

Also, note that the contributed surplus is fully utilized because it resulted from a previous re-acquisition of the same class of shares. As such, we do not need to allocate it on a pro-rata basis.


Exercise 18.7

General journal example.

May 20 – no journal entry required
General journal example.

May 30 – no journal entry required
General journal example.


Exercise 18.8

  1. Calculation Preferred Common Total
    Current year: (50,000 share × $3) $150,000 $150,000
    Balance of dividends $1,050,000 1,050,000
    $150,000 $1,050,000 $1,200,000
  2. Calculation Preferred Common Total
    Arrears: (50,000 shares × $3 × 2 years) $300,000 $300,000
    Current year: ([50,000 shares × $3) 150,000 150,000
    Balance of dividends $750,000 750,000
    $450,000 $750,000 $1,200,000
  3. Calculation Preferred Common Total
    Arrears, as before $300,000 $300,000
    Current year year basic dividend 150,000 $240,000 390,000
    Current year participating dividend 196,146 313,854 510,000
    $646,146 $553,854 $1,200,000

    Note: The basic preferred dividend is calculated as before. Then, a like amount is allocated to the common shares. The preferred dividend can be expressed as a percentage: \$150,000\;\div\;\$5,000,000\;=\;3\% (or \$3\;\div\;\$100). Therefore, the common shares are also allocated a basic dividend of (3\%\;\times\;\$8,000,000) = $240,000. This leaves a remaining dividend of $510,000, which is available for participation. The participation is allocated on a pro-rata basis as follows:

    Carrying amounts of each class:

    Preferred
    $5,000,000
    38.46%
    Common 8,000,000 61.54%
    Total $13,000,000 100%

    The participating dividend is therefore:

    Preferred: $510,000 × 38.46% = $196,146
    Common: $510,000 × 61.54% = $313,854

Exercise 18.9

  1. Implied value of the company before the dividend:5,000,000\;shares\;\times\;\$12\;=\;\$60,000,00050% share dividend would issue an additional 5,000,000\;\times\;50\%\;=\;2,500,000 shares. The ex-dividend price should be 60,000,000\;\div\;7,500,000\;=\;\$8 per share. A 3-for-2 share split results in the same number of shares being issued as above, making the share price $8.
  2. For the 50% share dividend, the dividend amount will be calculated as 2,500,000\;\times\;\$8\;=\;\$20,000,000Therefore, after the dividend, the equity section will appear as follows:
    Common shares $32,500,000
    Retained earnings 22,000,000
    Total equity $54,500,000

    A 3-for-2 share split has no effect on the accounts, as it simply increases the number of outstanding shares. Therefore, the equity section will appear as follows:

    Common shares $12,500,000
    Retained earnings 42,000,000
    Total equity $54,500,000
  3. Either action will result in the share price dropping to $8 per share from $12. However, the total reported equity will not change as it’s just a question of how the deck will be shuffled, so to speak, in the equity section. The decision will depend on both the legal framework in the company’s jurisdiction and the corporate objectives of the distribution. There may be legal restrictions and tax implications, with respect to the share dividend, which would make the share split easier to implement. On the other hand, if the directors would like to capitalize some of the retained earnings to potentially reduce future shareholder demands for dividends, then the share dividend would be the better approach. The directors will also have to consider if the shareholder response will be different for each scenario. The directors should also consider if there are any other contracts or agreements, such as loan covenants, that would be affected by the decision.

Exercise 18.10

a. General journal example.

Average issue price = (\$280,000\;+\;\$45,000)\;\div\;(35,000\;+\;5,000)\;=\;\$8.125

General journal example.

Preferred dividend: (4,500\;+\;1,000)\;\times\;\$2\;=\;\$11,000
Common dividend: (35,000\;+\;5,000\;-\;10,000\;+\;3,000)\;\times\;\$1\;=\;\$33,000

b.

Ocamp Inc.
Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Year Ended 31 December 2022
Total Preferred Shares Common Shares Contributed Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comp. Income
Balance on January 1 $1,217,000 $225,000 $280,000 $7,000 $590,000 $115,000
Comprehensive Income:
Net Income 120,000 120,000
Revaluation 23,000 23,000
Total comprehensive
Income 143,000
Shares issued 64,000 19,000 45,000
Shares retired (140,000) (81,250) (7,000) (51,750)
Cash dividend – Common (33,000) (33,000)
Cash dividend – Preferred (11,000) (11,000)
Share dividend – Common 48,000 (48,000)
Balance by December 31 $1,240,000 $244,000 $291,750 $566,250 $138,000

Note: Additional details of the transactions and the authorized and issued shares would be contained in the notes to the financial statements.


Exercise 18.11

General journal example.

Note: Treasury shares were acquired at a price of \$440,000\;\div\;40,000\;=\;\$11 per share. This is the price used to remove the treasury shares on resale.
General journal example.

Average issue price = \$3,800,000\;\div\;250,000\;=\;\$15.20 per share

50,000\;\times\;\$15.20\;=\;\$760,000
general journal example

Average issue price = \$1,875,000\;\div\;75,000\;=\;\$25 per share

25,000\;\times\;\$25\;=\;\$625,000

There is no contributed surplus balance associated with preferred share re-acquisitions, so the full difference is charged to retained earnings.
General journal example.
Common dividend:
(250,000\;-\;30,000\;-\;50,000)\;\times\;5\%\;\times\;\$17\;=\;\$144,500

Note: The shares remaining in treasury are excluded from the dividend calculation, as the company cannot pay itself a dividend. The company’s issued share capital includes the treasury shares, although they are not outstanding.

Preferred dividend: (75,000\;-\;25,000)\;\times\;\$1\;\times\;3\;years\;=\;\$150,000

Note: This calculation assumes that the cumulative, unpaid dividend on the retired preferred shares was not paid. Depending on the articles of incorporation and local legislation, the cumulative, unpaid dividend may need to be paid prior to retirement of the shares. This would result in an additional dividend of $50,000 (25,000\;\times\;\$1\;\times\;2) paid on the date of retirement.


Exercise 18.12

Jun 1, Y6 Share Subscription Receivable 236,500
Common Shares Subscribed 236,500
(10,000 shares × $23.65)
Jun 1, Y6 Cash 82,775
Share Subscription Receivable 82,775
down payment received of $236,500 × 35%
12/1/Y6 Cash 153,725
Share Subscription Receivable 153,725
remainder of payment received on subscribed shares
12/1/Y6 Common Shares Subscribed 236,500
Common Shares 236,500
subscribed shares fully paid, shares then issued

Exercise 18.13

1. Journal Entry

Jul 1, Y7 Common Shares (1) 162,500
Contributed Surplus 42,670
Retained Earnings 28,830
Cash (2) 234,000
(1) Common shares - remove at average price = 10,000 shares × $16.25.
(2) Cash - based on market price = 10,000 shares × $23.40.
clear and contributed surplus first, then use retained earnings.

2. Journal Entry

Jul 1, Y7 Common Shares (1) 162,500
Contributed Surplus 71,500
Cash (2) 234,000
(1) Common shares - remove at average price = 10,000 shares × $16.25.
(2) Cash - based on market price = 10,000 shares × $23.40.
no need to use retained earnings since contributed surplus has a large enough balance.

3. Journal Entry

Jul 1, Y7 Common Shares (1) 162,500
Retained earnings 71,500
Cash (2) 234,000
(1) Common shares - remove at average price = 10,000 shares × $16.25.
(2) Cash - based on market price = 10,000 shares × $23.40.
only use retained earnings since there is no balance in contributed surplus.

4. Difference between ASPE and IFRS

There is no real difference between IFRS and ASPE. IFRS does not provide guidance and therefore, the ASPE method is acceptable.


Exercise 18.14

1. The preferred shares are non-cumulative and non-participating

 

Preferred

Common

Total

Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Common - get the remainder - 118,000 118,000
$12,000 $118,000 $130,000
If there is $130,000 to be paid and the preferred receive a set amount of $12,000, then the remainder ($130,000 - $12,000 = $118,000) is paid to common shareholders.

2. The preferred shares are cumulative and non-participating

  Preferred Common Total
Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Common - get the remainder - 94,000 94,000
$36,000 $94,000 $130,000
If there is $130,000 to be paid and the preferred receive a set amount of $12,000.
There are three years that should be paid to the preferred shareholders: the current year and the preceeding two years, since preferred shares are cumulative.
The remainder ($130,000 - $36,000 = $94,000) is paid to common shareholders.

3. The preferred shares are cumulative and participating

 

Preferred

Common

Total

Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Preferred (4,000 shares × $3.00) 12,000 12,000
Common - treat the same as preferred 9,000 9,000
Split the remainder 48,571 36,429 85,000
$84,571 $45,429 $130,000
There are three years that should be paid to the preferred shareholders: the current year and the preceeding two years, since preferred shares are cumulative.
Treat the common shareholders the same as preferred:
Preferred receive $3/$100 stated value = 3% dividend. Common shareholder $300,000 × 3%.
Pro rate split on remainder of dividend to be distributed:
Value of preferred 57.14% $400,000 4,000 shares × $100 stated value given
Value of common 42.86% $300,000
$700,000
Remaining dividend to be split = $130,000 - $12,000 - $12,000 - $12,000 - $9,000
85,000
To preferred 57.14% $48,571
To common 42.86% $36,429
$85,000

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Intermediate Financial Accounting 2 Copyright © 2022 by Michael Van Roestel is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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