Module 3: Religion & Culture

The Vatican and Catholic Church Responses to National Socialism

: German Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen with German prelate Ludwig Kaas, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Giuseppe Pizzardo, Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, Alfredo Ottaviani, and member of Reichsministerium des Inneren [Home Office] Rudolf Buttmann on the day that the signing of the Reichskonkordat occurred. — The signing of the Reichskonkordat on July 20, 1933, Rome. Unknown photographer. Bild 183-R24391, German Federal Archive.

Vatican Responses to National Socialism

Catholic clergy and Nazi officials, including Joseph Goebbels (far right) and Wilhelm Frick (second from right), give the Nazi salute. — Catholic Clergy and Nazi Officials give the Nazi Salute. Germany, date uncertain. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München.

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