References
Bardwell, G., Boyd, J., Kerr, T., & McNeil, R. (2018). Negotiating space & drug use in emergency shelters with peer witness injection programs within the context of an overdose crisis: A qualitative study. Health & Place, 53, 86â93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.011
Bodkin, C., Mokashi, V., Beal, K., Wiwcharuk, J., Lennox, R., Guenter, D., ⌠OâShea, T. (2020). Pandemic planning in homeless shelters: A pilot study of a COVID-19 testing and support program to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(9), 1639-1641. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa743
Buccieri, K. (2013). Back to the future for Canadaâs national anti-drug strategy: Homeless youth and the need for harm reduction. In S. Gaetz, B. OâGrady, K. Buccieri, J. Karabanow, & A. Marsolais (Eds.), Youth homelessness in Canada: Implications for policy and practice (199-215). Toronto, ON: The Canadian Homelessness Research Network. Youth Homelessness in Canada (homelesshub.ca)
Buccieri, K. (2016). H1N1 and homelessness in Toronto: Identifying structural issues in the homelessness sector. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Buccieri, K. & Schiff, R. (Eds.). (2016). Pandemic preparedness and homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Buccieri, K. (2020). Pandemic planning: How can my agency prepare for the potential spread of Coronavirus? Toronto, ON: The Homeless Hub.
CAMH. (2021). Addiction. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. Addiction | CAMH
Cherner, R. A., Aubry, T., & Ecker, J. (2017). Predictors of the physical and psychological integration of homeless adults with problematic substance use. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1), 65â80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21834
Crabtree, A., Latham, N., Morgan, R., Pauly, B., Bungay, V., & Buxton, J. A. (2018). Perceived harms and harm reduction strategies among people who drink non-beverage alcohol: Community-based qualitative research in Vancouver, Canada. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 59, 85â93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.06.020
Dohoo, C., Stuart, R., Finkelstein, M., Bradley, K., & Gournis, E. (2020). Risk factors associated with group A Streptococcus acquisition in a large, urban homeless shelter outbreak. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(1), 117â124. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00258-5
Firestone, M., Syrette, J., Jourdain, T., Recollet, V., & Smylie, J. (2019). âI feel safe just coming here because there are other Native brothers and sistersâ: Findings from a community-based evaluation of the Niiwin Wendaanimak Four Winds Wellness Program. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110(4), 404â413. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00192-6
Fleming, T., Barker, A., Ivsins, A., Vakharia, S., & McNeil, R. (2020). Stimulant safe supply: a potential opportunity to respond to the overdose epidemic. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 6â6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0351-1
Fleming, T., Damon, W., Collins, A. B., Czechaczek, S., Boyd, J., & McNeil, R. (2019). Housing in crisis: A qualitative study of the socio-legal contexts of residential evictions in Vancouverâs Downtown Eastside. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 169â177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.12.012
Gaddis, A., Lake, S., Tupper, K., Nosova, E., Blommaert, K., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2018). Regular MDMA use is associated with decreased risk of drug injection among street-involved youth who use illicit drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 112â117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.035
Gaetz, S. (2018). Commentary: Harm reduction, managed alcohol programs and doing the right thing. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(S1), S195âS196. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12652
Gaetz, S., & Buccieri, K. (2016). The challenges of pandemic planning in the context of homelessness. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Government of Canada. (2016). The new Canadian drugs and substances strategy. Canada. The New Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy – Canada.ca
Government of Canada. (2021a). Cannabis legalization and regulation. Canada. Cannabis Legalization and Regulation (justice.gc.ca)
Government of Canada. (2021b). Controlled drugs and substances act. Canada. Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (justice.gc.ca)
Government of Canada. (2021c). Good Samaritan drug overdose act. Canada. Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act (justice.gc.ca)
Ivsins, A., Pauly, B., Brown, M., Evans, J., Gray, E., Schiff, R., ⌠Stockwell, T. (2019). On the outside looking in: Finding a place for managed alcohol programs in the harm reduction movement. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 67, 58â62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.02.004
Karamouzian, M., Dohoo, C., Forsting, S., McNeil, R., Kerr, T., & Lysyshyn, M. (2018). Evaluation of a fentanyl drug checking service for clients of a supervised injection facility, Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 46â46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0252-8
Kennedy, M. C., Klassen, D. C., Dong, H., Milloy, M. J. S., Hayashi, K., & Kerr, T. H. (2019). Supervised injection facility utilization patterns: A prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 330â337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.024
Kennedy, M. C., Scheim, A., Rachlis, B., Mitra, S., Bardwell, G., Rourke, S., & Kerr, T. (2018). Willingness to use drug checking within future supervised injection services among people who inject drugs in a mid-sized Canadian city. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 248â252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.026
Kerman, N., Ecker, J., Gaetz, S., Tiderington, E., & Kidd, S. A. (2021). Mental health and wellness of service providers working with people experiencing homelessness in Canada: A national survey from the second wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437211018782
Kerr, T., Mitra, S., Kennedy, M. C., & McNeil, R. (2017). Supervised injection facilities in Canada: past, present, and future. Harm reduction journal, 14(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0154-1
Kiran, T., Craig-Neil, A., Das, P., Lockwood, J., Wang, R., Nathanielsz, N., ⌠Hwang, S. W. (2021). Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity in 20 homeless shelters in Toronto, Canada, from April to July 2020: a repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open, 9(1), E302âE308. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200253
Kitson, C., & OâByrne, P. (2020). The experience of violence against women who use injection drugs: An exploratory qualitative study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 53(4), 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562120979577
Klimas, J., Nosova, E., SocĂas, E., Nolan, S., Brar, R., Hayashi, K., ⌠Wood, E. (2018). Factors associated with discontinuation of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) among persons who use alcohol in Vancouver, Canada. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 182â186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.027
Lake, S., Kerr, T., Nosova, E., Milloy, M. J., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2018). Patterns of non-injection drug use associated with injection cessation among street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. Journal of Urban Health, 95(2), 267â277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0225-3
Leger, P., Hamilton, A., Bahji, A., & Martell, D.âŻon behalf of the CSAM Policy Committee. (2021).âŻPolicy brief: CSAM in support of the decriminalization of drug use and possession for personal use. The Canadian Journal of Addiction, 12(1), 13-15. Policy Brief: CSAM in Support of the Decriminalization of Dr… : Canadian Journal of Addiction (lww.com)
Lo, A., Kerr, T., Hayashi, K., Milloy, M. J., Nosova, E., Liu, Y., & Fairbairn, N. (2018). Factors associated with methadone maintenance therapy discontinuation among people who inject drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 94, 41â46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.08.009
Maina, G., Crizzle, A., Maposa, S., & Fournier, B. (2019). Sociodemographic profiles and clinical outcomes for clients on methadone maintenance treatment in a western Canadian clinic: Implications for practice. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 15(4), 231. 10.1097/JFN.0000000000000246
Maremmani, A. G., Bacciardi, S., Gehring, N. D., Cambioli, L., SchĂźtz, C., Jang, K., & Krausz, M. (2017). Substance use among homeless individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(3), 173â177. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000462
McNeil, R., Fleming, T., Collins, A. B., Czechaczek, S., Mayer, S., & Boyd, J. (2021). Navigating post-eviction drug use amidst a changing drug supply: A spatially-oriented qualitative study of overlapping housing and overdose crises in Vancouver, Canada. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108666
Meyer, J. P., Isaacs, K., El-Shahawy, O., Burlew, A. K., & Wechsberg, W. (2019). Research on women with substance use disorders: Reviewing progress and developing a research and implementation roadmap. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 197, 158â163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.017
Mills, C. W. (1967).âŻThe sociological imagination. London: Oxford University Press.
Nasmith, T. E., Gadermann, A., Jaworsky, D., Norena, M., To, M. J., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2020). Clinically significant substance use and residential stability among homeless or vulnerably housed persons in Canada: a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 532-540. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa018
OâShea, T., Mbuagbaw, L., Mokashi, V., Bulir, D., Gilchrist, J., Smieja, N., ⌠Smieja, M. (2020). Comparison of four COVID-19 screening strategies to facilitate early case identification within the homeless shelter population: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21(1), 941â941. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04890-2
Pakhale, S., Kaur, T., Charron, C., Florence, K., Rose, T., Jama, S., ⌠Tyndall, M. (2018). Management and point-of-care for tobacco dependence (PROMPT): A feasibility mixed methods community-based participatory action research project in Ottawa, Canada. BMJ Open, 8(1), e018416âe018416. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018416
Parpouchi, M., Moniruzzaman, A., Rezansoff, S. N., Russolillo, A., & Somers, J. M. (2018). The effect of housing first on adherence to methadone maintenance treatment. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 73â80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.012
Pauly, B., Brown, M., Chow, C., Wettlaufer, A., East Side Illicit Drinkers Group for Education, ⌠& Sutherland, C. (2021). âIf I knew I could get that every hour instead of alcohol, I would take the cannabisâ: Need and feasibility of cannabis substitution implementation in Canadian managed alcohol programs. Harm Reduction Journal, 18, 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00512-5
Pauly, B., Brown, M., Evans, J., Gray, E., Schiff, R., Ivsins, A., Krysowaty, B., Vallance, K., & Stockwell, T. (2019). âThere is a Placeâ: Impacts of managed alcohol programs for people experiencing severe alcohol dependence and homelessness. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 70â70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0332-4
Pauly, B., Perkin, K., & Cross, G. (2016). The case of Victoria, BC. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Pauly, B., Vallance, K., Wettlaufer, A., Chow, C., Brown, R., Evans, J., ⌠Stockwell, T. (2018). Community managed alcohol programs in Canada: Overview of key dimensions and implementation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(S1), S132âS139. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12681
Perri, M., Dosani, N., & Hwang, S. W. (2020). COVID-19 and people experiencing homelessness: challenges and mitigation strategies. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(26), E716âE719. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200834
Pettey, D., & Aubry, T. (2018). Tobacco use and smoking behaviors of individuals with a serious mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 41(4), 356â360. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000302
Reddon, H., DeBeck, K., Socias, M. E., Dong, H., Wood, E., Montaner, J., ⌠Milloy, M. (2018). Cannabis use is associated with lower rates of initiation of injection drug use among streetâinvolved youth: A longitudinal analysis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(3), 421â428. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12667
Richard, L., Booth, R., Rayner, J., Clemens, K. K., Forchuk, C., & Shariff, S. Z. (2021). Testing, infection and complication rates of COVID-19 among people with a recent history of homelessness in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open, 9(1), E1âE9. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200287
Scheim, A. I., Bauer, G. R., & Shokoohi, M. (2017). Drug use among transgender people in Ontario, Canada: Disparities and associations with social exclusion. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 151â158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.022
Schiff, R. (2016a). Conclusion. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Schiff, R. (2016b). Regina, Saskatchewan: The case of small, isolated urban centres. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Schiff, R., Buccieri, K., Waegemakers Schiff, J, Kauppi, C., & Riva, M. (2020). COVID-19 and pandemic planning in the context of rural and remote homelessness. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(6), 967â970. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00415-1
Schwan, K., Dej, E. & Versteegh, A. (2020). Girls, homelessness, and COVID-19: The urgent need for research and action. Girlhood Studies, 13(3), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2020.130311
Selfridge, M., Greer, A., Card, K. G., Macdonald, S., & Pauly, B. (2020). âItâs like super structuralâ â Overdose experiences of youth who use drugs and police in three non-metropolitan cities across British Columbia. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, 102623â102623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102623
Urbanoski, K., Veldhuizen, S., Krausz, M., Schutz, C., Somers, J. M., Kirst, M., ⌠Goering, P. (2018). Effects of comorbid substance use disorders on outcomes in a Housing First intervention for homeless people with mental illness. Addiction, 113(1), 137â145. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13928
Victor, J., Shouting, M., DeGroot, C., Vonkeman, L., Brave Rock, M., & Hunt, R. (2019). Iâtaamohkanoohsin (everyone comes together): (Re)connecting Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and substance misuse to Blackfoot ways of knowing. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14(1), 42â59. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i1.31939
Waegemakers Schiff, J., & Lane, A. (2016). The Calgary response. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Waegemakers Schiff, J., Pauly, B., & Schiff, R. (2016). Health needs and analysis of pandemic planning in four Canadian cities. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.
Wu, H., & Karabanow, J. (2020). COVID-19 and beyond: Social work interventions for supporting homeless populations. International Social Work, 63(6), 790â794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820949625
Young, S., & Fairbairn, N. (2018). Expanding supervised injection facilities across Canada: lessons from the Vancouver experience. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 227â230. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0089-7
Young, M. G., & Manion, K. (2017). Harm reduction through housing first: An assessment of the emergency warming centre in Inuvik, Canada. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0128-8