References K-Z

Researchers who participated in recorded interviews for this book are highlighted in bold. To learn more about them, please visit the “Meet the Researchers” page. 

Kahan, D., Lamanna, D., Rajakulendran, T., Noble, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020). Implementing a trauma‐informed intervention for homeless female survivors of gender‐based violence: Lessons learned in a large Canadian urban centre. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(3), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12913

Kaltsidis, G., Grenier, G., Cao, Z., & Fleury, M. J. (2020). Change in housing status among homeless and formerly homeless individuals in Quebec, Canada: A profile study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176254

Karabanow, J., Hughes, J., Kidd, S., & Frederick, T. (2018). Homeless youth and the search for stability. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Project MUSE

Karamouzian, M., Cheng, T., Nosova, E., Sedgemore, K., Shoveller, J., Kerr, T., & Debeck, K. (2019). Perceived devaluation among a cohort of street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(2), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1523193

Karamouzian, M., Dohoo, C., Forsting, S., McNeil, R., Kerr, T., & Lysyshyn, M. (2018). Evaluation of a fentanyl drug checking service for clients of a supervised injection facility, Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduction Journal, 15(1), 46–46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0252-8

Katz, A. S., Brisbois, B., Zerger, S., & Hwang, S. W. (2018). Social impact bonds as a funding method for health and social programs: Potential areas of concern. American Journal of Public Health, 108(2), 210–215. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304157

Kaufman, D. F. (2020a). Canadian homeless mobilities: Tracing the inter-regional movements of at home / chez soi participants. The Canadian Geographer, 65(3), 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12658

Kaufman, D. (2020b). Expulsion: A type of forced mobility experienced by homeless people in Canada. Urban Geography, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1853919

Kelly, K., & Caputo, T. (2007). Health and street/homeless youth. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(5), 726-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307080594

Kennedy, M. C., Boyd, J., Mayer, S., Collins, A., Kerr, T., & McNeil, R. (2019). Peer worker involvement in low-threshold supervised consumption facilities in the context of an overdose epidemic in Vancouver, Canada. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 225, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.014

Kennedy, M. C., Klassen, D. C., Dong, H., Milloy, M.-J. S., Hayashi, K., & Kerr, T. H. (2019). Supervised injection facility utilization patterns: A prospective cohort study in Vancouver, Canada. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.024

Kennedy, M. C., Scheim, A., Rachlis, B., Mitra, S., Bardwell, G., Rourke, S., & Kerr, T. (2018). Willingness to use drug checking within future supervised injection services among people who inject drugs in a mid-sized Canadian city. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 185, 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.026

Kennelly, J. (2020). Urban masculinity, contested spaces, and classed subcultures: young homeless men navigating downtown Ottawa, Canada. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 27(2), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2019.1650724

Kerman, N., Aubry, T., Adair, C. E., Distasio, J, Latimer, E., Somers, J., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020). Effectiveness of housing first for homeless adults with mental illness who frequently use emergency departments in a multisite randomized controlled trial. Administration and Policy in Mental Health Services Research, 47, 515-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01008-3

Kerman, N., Ecker, J., Gaetz, S., Tiderington, E., & Kidd, S. A. (2021). Mental health and wellness of service providers working with people experiencing homelessness in Canada: A national survey from the second wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437211018782

Kerman, N., Gran-Ruaz, S., & Lem, M. (2019). Pet ownership and homelessness: a scoping review. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2019.1650325

Kerman, N., & Kidd, S. A. (2020). The healthcare triple aim in the recovery era. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 47, 492-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-00997-0

Kerman, N., Lem, M., Witte, M., Kim, C., & Rhoades, H. (2020). A multilevel intervention framework for supporting people experiencing homelessness with pets. Animals (Basel), 10(10), 1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101869

Kerman, N., & Sylvestre, J. (2020). Surviving versus living life: Capabilities and service use among adults with mental health problems and histories of homelessness. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(2), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12873

Kerman, N., Sylvestre, J., Aubry, T., & Distasio, J. (2018). The effects of housing stability on service use among homeless adults with mental illness in a randomized controlled trial of housing first. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 190–190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3028-7

Kerman, N., Sylvestre, J., Aubry, T., & Schütz, C. G. (2019). Predictors of mental health recovery in homeless adults with mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(4), 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0356-3

Kerr, T., Mitra, S., Kennedy, M. C., & McNeil, R. (2017). Supervised injection facilities in Canada: past, present, and future. Harm reduction journal, 14(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0154-1

Khandor, E., Mason, K., Chambers, C., Rossiter, K., Cowan, L., & Hwang, S. W. (2011). Access to primary health care among homeless adults in Toronto, Canada: Results from the street health survey. Open Med, 5(2), e94-e103. PMID: 21915240

Kidd, S. A., Gaetz, S., & O’Grady, B. (2017). The 2015 national Canadian homeless youth survey: Mental health and addiction findings. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(7), 493-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717702076

Kidd, S. A., Gaetz, S., O’Grady, B., Schwan, K., Zhao, H., Lopes, K., & Wang, W. (2021). The second national Canadian homeless youth survey: Mental health and addiction findings. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(10), 897-905. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0706743721990310

Kidd, S. A., Greco, S. & McKenzie, K. (2021). Global climate implications for homelessness: A scoping review. J Urban Health, 98, 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00483-1

Kidd, S., Thistle, J., Beaulieu, T., O’Grady, B., & Gaetz, S. (2019). A national study of Indigenous youth homelessness in Canada. Public Health (London), 176, 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.06.012

Kidd, S. A., Vitopoulos, N., Frederick, T., Daley, M., Peters, K., Clarc, K., … McKenzie, K. (2019). Peer support in the homeless youth context: Requirements, design, and outcomes. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 36(6), 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-019-00610-1

Kidd, S. A., Vitopoulos, N., Frederick, T., Leon, S., Karabanow, J., & McKenzie, K. (2019). More than four walls and a roof needed: A complex tertiary prevention approach for recently homeless youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(2), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000335

Kidd, S. A., Vitopoulos, N., Frederick, T., Leon, S., Wang, W., Mushquash, C., & McKenzie, K. (2020). Trialing the feasibility of a critical time intervention for youth transitioning out of homelessness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(5), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000454

Kiran, T., Craig-Neil, A., Das, P., Lockwood, J., Wang, R., Nathanielsz, N., … Hwang, S. W. (2021). Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity in 20 homeless shelters in Toronto, Canada, from April to July 2020: a repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open, 9(1), E302–E308. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200253

Kirst, M., Friesdorf, R., Ta, M., Amiri, A., Hwang, S. W., Stergiopoulos, V., & O’Campo, P. (2020). Patterns and effects of social integration on housing stability, mental health and substance use outcomes among participants in a randomized controlled Housing First trial. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 265, 113481–113481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113481

Kitson, C., & O’Byrne, P. (2020). The experience of violence against women who use injection drugs: An exploratory qualitative study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562120979577

Klimas, J., Nosova, E., Socías, E., Nolan, S., Brar, R., Hayashi, K., … Wood, E. (2018). Factors associated with discontinuation of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) among persons who use alcohol in Vancouver, Canada. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.027

Koch, J., Scherer, J., & Holt, N. (2018). Slap shot! Sport, masculinities, and homelessness in the downtown core of a divided western Canadian inner city. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 270–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518773280

Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Yi, K. J., & Sharma, S. (2015). Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: Priorities for health promotion policies and actions. Global Health Action, 8(1), 27968–27968. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27968

Kouyoumdjian, F. G., Wang R., Mejia-Lancheros, C., Owusu-Bempah, A., Nisenbaum, R., O’Campo, P., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2019). Interactions between police and persons who experience homelessness and mental illness in Toronto, Canada: Findings from a prospective study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(10),718-725. 10.1177/0706743719861386

Kozloff, N., Bergmans, Y., Snider, C., Langley, J., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2018). Crisis response with street-involved youth. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Krüsi, A., Kerr, T., Taylor, C., Rhodes, T., & Shannon, K. (2016). “They won’t change it back in their heads that we’re trash’: The intersection of sex work‐related stigma and evolving policing strategies. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(7), 1137–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12436

Lake, S., Kerr, T., Nosova, E., Milloy, M. J., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2018). Patterns of non-injection drug use associated with injection cessation among street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. Journal of Urban Health, 95(2), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0225-3

Laliberté, V., Stergiopoulos, V., Jacob, B., & Kurdyak, P. (2019). Homelessness at discharge and its impact on psychiatric readmission and physician follow-up: a population-based cohort study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e21–e21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000052

Lamanna, D., Stergiopoulos, V., Durbin, J., O’Campo, P., Poremski, D., & Tepper, J. (2018). Promoting continuity of care for homeless adults with unmet health needs: The role of brief interventions. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12461

Latimer, E. A., Rabouin, D., Cao, Z., Ly, A., Powell, G., Adair, C. E., … Veldhuizen, S. R. (2019). Cost-effectiveness of Housing First Intervention With Intensive Case Management Compared With Treatment as Usual for Homeless Adults With Mental Illness: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 2(8), e199782–e199782. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9782

Latimer, E. A., Rabouin, D., Cao, Z., Ly, A., Powell, G., Aubry, T., Hwang, S. W.,… Goering, P. N. (2017). Costs of services for homeless people with mental illness in 5 Canadian cities: a large prospective follow-up study. CMAJ Open, 5(3), E576–E585. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20170018

Lawrie, K., Charow, R., Giuliani, M., & Papadakos, J. (2020). Homelessness, cancer and health literacy: A scoping review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 31(1), 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2020.0010

Leger, P., Hamilton, A., Bahji, A., & Martell, D. on behalf of the CSAM Policy Committee. (2021). Policy brief: CSAM in support of the decriminalization of drug use and possession for personal use. The Canadian Journal of Addiction, 12(1), 13-15. Policy Brief: CSAM in Support of the Decriminalization of Dr… : Canadian Journal of Addiction (lww.com)

Lem, M. (2019). Serving homeless populations through a one health approach. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 60(10), 1119–1120. https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC6741821

Lemieux, A. J., Leclair, M. C., Roy, L., Nicholls, T. L., & Crocker, A. G. (2020). A typology of lifetime criminal justice involvement among homeless individuals with mental illness: Identifying needs to better target intervention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(7), 790–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819900305

Leung, A. K., To, M. J., Luong, L., Vahabi, Z. S., Gonçalves, V. L., Song, J., & Hwang, S. W. (2017). The effect of advance directive completion on hospital care among chronically homeless persons: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Urban Health, 94(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0105-2

Lévesque, I. S., & Abdel-Baki, A. (2020). Homeless youth with first-episode psychosis: A 2-year outcome study. Schizophrenia Research, 216, 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.031

Liu, M., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). Health care for homeless people. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 7,5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00241-2

Liu, M., Mejia-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Latimer, E., Aubry, T., Somers, J., … Hwang, S. W. (2021). Overall and gender-specific associations between dimensions of adverse childhood experiences and mental health outcomes among homeless adults. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 706743721989158–706743721989158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743721989158

Lo, A., Kerr, T., Hayashi, K., Milloy, M. J., Nosova, E., Liu, Y., & Fairbairn, N. (2018). Factors associated with methadone maintenance therapy discontinuation among people who inject drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 94, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.08.009

Luongo, N. M. (2018). Disappearing in plain sight: An exploratory study of co-occurring eating and substance abuse dis/orders among homeless youth in Vancouver, Canada. Women’s Studies International Forum, 67, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.01.003

MacDonald, S. A., & Gaulin, D. (2020). The invisibility of rural homelessness in a Canadian context. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 29(2), 169-183. 10.1080/10530789.2019.1688540

Macnaughton, E., Nelson, G., Worton, S. K., Tsemberis, S., Stergiopoulos, V., Aubry, T., … Goering, P. (2018). Navigating complex implementation contexts: Overcoming barriers and achieving outcomes in a national initiative to scale out Housing First in Canada. American Journal of Community Psychology, 62(1-2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12268

Magee, C., Norena, M., Hubley, A. M., Palepu, A., Hwang, S. W., Nisenbaum, R., … Gadermann, A. (2019). Longitudinal associations between perceived quality of living spaces and health-related quality of life among homeless and vulnerably housed individuals living in three Canadian cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4808. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234808

Magnan‐Tremblay, L., Lanctôt, N., & Couvrette, A. (2020). The hopelessness effect: Counsellors’ perceptions of their female clients involved in sex work in Canada. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(5), 1430–1437. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12993

Mago, A., Brondani, M. A., MacEntee, M. I., & Frankish, C. J. (2018). A model pathway to oral health care for homeless people. J Can Dent Assoc, 84, i10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31199725/

Magwood, O., Hanemaayer, A., Saad, A., Salvalaggio, G., Bloch, G., Moledina, A., Pinto, N., Ziha, L., Geurguis, M., Aliferis, A., Kpade, V., Arya, N., Aubry, T., & Pottie, K. (2020). Determinants of implementation of a clinical practice guideline for homeless health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7938. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217938

Maina, G., Crizzle, A., Maposa, S., & Fournier, B. (2019). Sociodemographic profiles and clinical outcomes for clients on methadone maintenance treatment in a western Canadian clinic: Implications for practice. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 15(4), 231. DOI:10.1097/JFN.0000000000000246

Malenfant, J. A., Nichols, N., & Schwan, K. (2019). Chasing funding “to eat our own tail”: The invisible emotional work of making social change. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.29173/cjnser.2019v10n2a307Malla, A., Iyer, S., Shah, J., Joober, R., Boksa, P., Lal, S., … Vallianatos, H. (2019). Canadian response to need for transformation of youth mental health services: ACCESS Open Minds (Esprits ouverts). Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(3), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12772

Mamdani, Z., McKenzie, S., Pauly, B., Cameron, F., Conway-Brown, J., Edwards, D., Howell, A., Scott, T., Seguin, R., Woodrow, P., & Buxton, J. A. (2021). “Running myself ragged”: stressors faced by peer workers in overdose response settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 18(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00449-1

Maremmani, A. G., Bacciardi, S., Gehring, N. D., Cambioli, L., Schütz, C., Jang, K., & Krausz, M. (2017). Substance use among homeless individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(3), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000462

Maremmani, A. G. I., Bacciardi, S., Somers, J. M., Nikoo, M., Schütz, C., Jang, K. L., & Krausz, M. (2018). Substance dependence among bipolar, unipolar depression and psychotic homeless: A Canadian national study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 701–701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00701

Marsella, O., Forchuk, C., & Oudshoorn, A. (2020). Exploring harm reduction among Canadian veterans experiencing homelessness. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 6(2), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2019-0042

Marshall, C. A., Boland, L., Westover, L. A., Marcellus, B., Weil, S., & Wickett, S. (2020). Effectiveness of interventions targeting community integration among individuals with lived experiences of homelessness: A systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(6), 1843–1862. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13030

Marshall, C. A., Keogh-Lim, D., Koop, M., Barbic, S., & Gewurtz, R. (2020a). Meaningful activity and boredom in the transition from homelessness: Two narratives. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (1939), 87(4), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417420941782

Marshall, C. A., Roy, L., Becker, A., Nguyen, M., Barbic, S., Tjörnstrand, C., … Wickett, S. (2020b). Boredom and homelessness: A scoping review. Journal of Occupational Science, 27(1), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2019.1595095

McCay, E., & Aiello, A. (2018). Dialectical behaviour therapy to enhance emotional regulation and resilience among street-involved youth. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

McCready, L. T. (2017). Black queer youth, unstable housing and homelessness: Understanding the impact of family conflict, school and community-based violence on racialized LGBTQ2S youth. In A. Abramovich, & J. Shelton (eds.), Where am I going to go? Intersectional approaches to ending LGBTQ2S youth homelessness in Canada & the U.S. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

McNeil, R., Fleming, T., Collins, A. B., Czechaczek, S., Mayer, S., & Boyd, J. (2021). Navigating post-eviction drug use amidst a changing drug supply: A spatially-oriented qualitative study of overlapping housing and overdose crises in Vancouver, Canada. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108666

McParland, K., Rousseau-Thomas, J., & Waegemakers Schiff, J. (2019). A critical review of research and policy in youth-focussed Housing First. Canadian Review of Social Policy (1987), 79, 50–.

Mejia-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Nisenbaum, R., Wang, A., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & O’Campo, P. (2020a). Dental problems and chronic diseases in mentally ill homeless adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 419. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08499-7

Mejia-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., O’Campo, P., Wiens, K., Nisenbaum, R., Wang, R., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020) Trajectories and mental health-related predictors of perceived discrimination and stigma among homeless adults with mental illness. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0229385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229385

Mejia-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Stergiopoulos, V., Matheson, F. I., Nisenbaum, R., O’Campo, P., & Hwang, S. W. (2020). Effect of Housing First on violence-related traumatic brain injury in adults with experiences of homelessness and mental illness: findings from the At Home/Chez Soi randomised trial, Toronto site. BMJ Open, 10(12), e038443–e038443. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038443

Mejia-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Woodhall-Melnik, J., O’Campo, P., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2021). Longitudinal interrelationships of mental health discrimination and stigma with housing and well-being outcomes in adults with mental illness and recent experience of homelessness. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 268, 113463–113463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113463

Merdsoy, L., Lambert, S., & Sherman, J. (2020). Perceptions, needs and preferences of chronic disease self‐management support among men experiencing homelessness in Montreal. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 23(6), 1420–1430. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13106

Meyer, J. P., Isaacs, K., El-Shahawy, O., Burlew, A. K., & Wechsberg, W. (2019). Research on women with substance use disorders: Reviewing progress and developing a research and implementation roadmap. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 197, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.017

Milaney, K., Kamran, H., & Williams, N. (2020). A portrait of late life homelessness in Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Journal on Aging, 39(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980819000229

Milaney, K., Lockerbie, S. L., Fang, X. Y., & Ramage, K. (2019). The role of structural violence in family homelessness. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110(5), 554–562. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00219-y

Milaney, K., Williams, N., Lockerbie, S. L., Dutton, D. J., & Hyshka, E. (2020). Recognizing and responding to women experiencing homelessness with gendered and trauma-informed care. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 397–397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8353-1

Miller, K., Bissoondial, K., & Morgan. (2017). YMCA Sprott House: Creating a better space for LGBTQ2S youth in Toronto. In A. Abramovich, & J. Shelton (eds.), Where am I going to go? Intersectional approaches to ending LGBTQ2S youth homelessness in Canada & the U.S. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Mills, C. W. (1967). The sociological imagination. London: Oxford University Press.

Montgomery, P., Mossey, S., & McCauley, K. (2019). Priorities for supportive housing services: Perspectives of people with mental illness in northeastern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 51(4), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562119835730

Moravac, C. C. (2018). Reflections of homeless women and women with mental health challenges on breast and cervical cancer screening decisions: Power, trust, and communication with care providers. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00030

Morisseau-Guillot, R., Aubin, D., Deschênes, J.-M., Gioia, M., Malla, A., Bauco, P., … Abdel-Baki, A. (2020). A promising route towards improvement of homeless young people’s access to mental health services: The creation and evolution of an outreach service network in Montréal. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(2), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00456-y

Murnan, A., Zhang, J., & Slesnick, N. (2018). Ecologically based treatment for mothers experiencing homelessness who have children in their care. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Mutschler, C., Lichtenstein, S., Kidd, S.A. & Davidson, L. (2019). Transition experiences following psychiatric hospitalization: A systematic review of the literature. Community Mental Health Journal, 55, 1255–1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00413-9

Nasmith, T. E., Gadermann, A., Jaworsky, D., Norena, M., To, M. J., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2020). Clinically significant substance use and residential stability among homeless or vulnerably housed persons in Canada: a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 532-540. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa018

National Action Plan. (2021). 2021 missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ people national action plan: Ending violence against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ people. Canada.

Nelson, G., Aubry, T., Tsemberis, S., & Macnaughton, E. (2020). Psychology and public policy: The story of a Canadian Housing First project for homeless people with mental illness. Canadian Psychology = Psychologie Canadienne, 61(3), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000206

Nelson, G., Caplan, R., MacLeod, T., Macnaughton, E., Cherner, R., Aubry, T., … Goering, P. (2017). What happens after the demonstration phase? The sustainability of Canada’s At Home/Chez Soi Housing First programs for homeless persons with mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59(1-2), 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12119

Nichols, N. (2018). The social organization of access to justice for youth in “unsafe” urban neighbourhoods. Social & Legal Studies, 27(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663917703179

Nichols, N. (2019). Youth, school, and community: Participatory institutional ethnographies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487517724

Nichols, N., & Braimoh, J. (2018). Community safety, housing precariousness and processes of exclusion: An institutional ethnography from the standpoints of youth in an “unsafe” urban neighbourhood. Critical Sociology, 44(1), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920516658941

Nichols, N., Schwan, K., Gaetz, S., & Redman, M. (2021). Enabling evidence-led collaborative systems-change efforts: An adaption of the collective impact approach. Community Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsab011

Nichols, N., Schwan, K., Gaetz, S., Redman, M., French, D., Kidd, S., O’Grady, B. (2017). Child welfare and youth homelessness in Canada: A proposal for action. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.

Nikoo, N., Javidanbardan, S., Akm, M., Hakobyan, S., Nikoo, M., Kwan, C., … Krausz, M. (2019). Hepatitis C prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals who are homeless and diagnosed with mental illness: At home / chez soi study, Vancouver, BC. European Journal of Public Health, 29(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky142

Noel, C. W., Mok, F., Wu, V., Eskander, A., Yao, C. M. K. L., Hwang, S. W., … Lee, J. M. (2020). Hearing loss and hearing needs in an adult homeless population: A prospective cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open, 8(1), E199–E204. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20190220

O’Grady, B., Gaetz, S., & Buccieri, K. (2011). Can I see your ID? The policing of youth homelessness in Toronto. Toronto: JFCY & Homeless Hub. CanISeeYourID_nov9.pdf (homelesshub.ca)

O’Grady, B., Gaetz, S., & Buccieri, K. (2013). Tickets… and more tickets: A case study of the Enforcement of the Ontario Safe Streets Act. Canadian Public Policy, 39(4), 541-558. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/534407

Olson, N., & Pauly, B. (2021). Homeless encampments: Connecting public health and human rights. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 112, 988-991. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00581-w

Oosman, S., Weber, G., Ogunson, M., & Bath, B. (2019). Enhancing access to physical therapy services for people experiencing poverty and homelessness: The lighthouse pilot project. Physiotherapy Canada, 71(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2017-85.pc

Orchard, T., Murie, A., Elash, H. L., Bunch, M., Middleton, C., Sadakhom, D., … Benoit, C. (2019). “People like us”: Spatialised notions of health, stigma, power and subjectivity among women in street sex work. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(4), 478–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1490455

O’Reilly-Fleming, T. (1993). Down and out in Canada: Homeless Canadians. Toronto: Canadian Scholar’s Press.

O’Shea, T., Mbuagbaw, L., Mokashi, V., Bulir, D., Gilchrist, J., Smieja, N., … Smieja, M. (2020). Comparison of four COVID-19 screening strategies to facilitate early case identification within the homeless shelter population: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21(1), 941–941. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04890-2

Oudshoorn, A., Benbow, S., Esses, V., Baker, L., Annor, B., Coplan, I., Shantz, J., & Ezukuse, V. (2020). Homelessness prevention for refugees: Results from an analysis of pathways to shelter. European Journal of Homelessness; 14(2), 189-205. EJH_14-2_WEB.pdf (feantsaresearch.org)

Oudshoorn, A., Dej, E., Parsons, C., & Gaetz, S. (2020). Evolving an evidence‐based model for homelessness prevention. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(5), 1754–1763. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13000

Oudshoorn, A., Forchuk, C., Hall, J., Smith-Carrier, T., & Van Berkum, A. (2018). An evaluation of a Housing First program for chronically homeless women. Journal of Social Inclusion, 9(2), 34–. https://doi.org/10.36251/josi.136

Oudshoorn, A., May, K., Van Berkum, A., Schwan, K., Nelson, A., Eiboff, F., K., Begun, S., Nichols, N., & Parsons, C. (2021). Exploring the presence of gender-based approaches to women’s homelessness in Canadian communities. Gender Based Approaches Report

O’Grady, B., Kidd, S., & Gaetz, S. (2020). Youth homelessness and self identity: a view from Canada. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(4), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1621997

Pakhale, S., Kaur, T., Charron, C., Florence, K., Rose, T., Jama, S., … Tyndall, M. (2018). Management and point-of-care for tobacco dependence (PROMPT): A feasibility mixed methods community-based participatory action research project in Ottawa, Canada. BMJ Open, 8(1), e018416–e018416. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018416

Palayew, A., Kaur, H., Magwood, O., Greenaway, C., Mayhew, A., Hatcher-Roberts, J., & Pottie, K. (2018). P2‐112: Values, preferences, and acceptability of hepatitis C testing and treatment in the homeless and vulnerably housed: A scoping review. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 25(S2), 163–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.229_12923

Paradis, E. (2016). Outsiders within: Claiming discursive space at national homelessness conferences in Canada. Social Inclusion, 4(4), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i4.670

Paradis, E., Wilson, R. M., & Logan, J. (2014). Nowhere else to go: Inadequate housing & risk of homelessness among families in Toronto’s aging rental buildings. Toronto, Ontario: Cities Centre, University of Toronto.

Paradis-Gagné, E., Pariseau-Legault, P., Villemure, M., & Chauvette, S. (2020). A critical ethnography of outreach nursing for people experiencing homelessness. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 37(4), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2020.1809858

Parkes, T., Matheson, C., Carver, H., Budd, J., Liddell, D., Wallace, J., … Foster, R. (2019). Supporting harm reduction through peer support (SHARPS): Testing the feasibility and acceptability of a peer-delivered, relational intervention for people with problem substance use who are homeless, to improve health outcomes, quality of life and social functioning and reduce: study protocol. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5(1), 64–64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0447-0

Parpouchi, M., Moniruzzaman, A., Rezansoff, S. N., Russolillo, A., & Somers, J. M. (2018). The effect of housing first on adherence to methadone maintenance treatment. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.012

Parpouchi, M., Moniruzzaman, A., & Somers, J. M. (2021). The association between experiencing homelessness in childhood or youth and adult housing stability in housing first. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 138–138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03142-0

Patrick, C. (2014). Aboriginal homelessness in Canada: A literature review. Toronto: The Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Paul, S., Corneau, S., Boozary, T., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2018). Coping and resilience among ethnoracial individuals experiencing homelessness and mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764017748986

Pauly, B., Brown, M., Chow, C., Wettlaufer, A., East Side Illicit Drinkers Group for Education, … & Sutherland, C. (2021). “If I knew I could get that every hour instead of alcohol, I would take the cannabis”: Need and feasibility of cannabis substitution implementation in Canadian managed alcohol programs. Harm Reduction Journal, 18, 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00512-5

Pauly, B., Brown, M., Evans, J., Gray, E., Schiff, R., Ivsins, A., Krysowaty, B., Vallance, K., & Stockwell, T. (2019). “There is a Place”: Impacts of managed alcohol programs for people experiencing severe alcohol dependence and homelessness. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 70–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-019-0332-4

Pauly, B., Mamdani, Z., Mesley, L., McKenzie, S., Cameron, F., Edwards, D., Howell, A., Knott, M., Scott, T., Seguin, R., Greer, A. M., & Buxton, J. A. (2021). “It’s an emotional roller coaster… But sometimes it’s fucking awesome”: Meaning and motivation of work for peers in overdose response environments in British Columbia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 88, 103015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103015

Pauly, B., Perkin, K., & Cross, G. (2016). The case of Victoria, BC. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Pauly, B., Vallance, K., Wettlaufer, A., Chow, C., Brown, R., Evans, J., … Stockwell, T. (2018). Community managed alcohol programs in Canada: Overview of key dimensions and implementation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(S1), S132–S139. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12681

Perri, M., Dosani, N., & Hwang, S. W. (2020). COVID-19 and people experiencing homelessness: challenges and mitigation strategies. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(26), E716–E719. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200834

Pettey, D., & Aubry, T. (2018). Tobacco use and smoking behaviors of individuals with a serious mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 41(4), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000302

Pijl, E. M., & Belanger, Y. D. (2020). Lost in transition: Entering the liminal space of rural homelessness in a small prairie town. Journal of Social Distress and Homeless, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2020.1763575

Polillo, A., Sylvestre, J., Kerman, N., Lee, C. M., Aubry, T., & Czechowski, K. (2018). The experiences of adolescents and young adults residing with their families in emergency shelters in Canada. Journal of Children & Poverty, 24(2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10796126.2018.1470438

Ponka, D., Agbata, E., Kendall, C., Stergiopoulos, V., Mendonca, O., Magwood, O… & Pottie, K. (2020). The effectiveness of case management interventions for the homeless, vulnerably housed and persons with lived experience: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15(4): e0230896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230896

Porter, B. (2021). Implementing the right to adequate housing under the national housing strategy act: The international human rights framework. Canada: The National Right to Housing Network. NRHN OFHA Report Cover 2021 (housingrights.ca)

Pottie, K., Kendall, C. E., Aubry, T., Magwood, O., Andermann, A., Salvalaggio, G., … Hwang, S. W., Stergiopoulos, V., & Tugwell, P. (2020). Clinical guideline for homeless and vulnerably housed people, and people with lived homelessness experience. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(10), E240–E254. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.190777

Purkey, E., & MacKenzie, M. (2019). Experience of healthcare among the homeless and vulnerably housed a qualitative study: opportunities for equity-oriented health care. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(1), 101–101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1004-4

Quirouette, M., Frederick, T., Hughes, J., Karabanow, J., & Kidd, S. (2016). “Conflict with the law”: Regulation & homeless youth trajectories toward stability. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 31(3), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2016.26

Ramsay, N., Hossain, R., Moore, M., Milo, M., & Brown, A. (2019). Health care while homeless: Barriers, facilitators, and the lived experiences of homeless individuals accessing health care in a Canadian regional municipality. Qualitative Health Research, 29(13), 1839–1849. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319829434

Ranasinghe, P. & Valverde, M. (2006). Governing homelessness through land-use: A sociolegal study of the Toronto shelter zoning by-law. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 31(3), 325-349. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20058713

Raphael, D. (2016). Social determinants of health: A Canadian perspective, 2nd Edition. Toronto: Canadian Scholar’s Press.

Ratnam, C., Fitzpatrick, A., & Thang, H. (2018). Engaging with newcomer youth experiencing homelessness. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Reddon, H., DeBeck, K., Socias, M. E., Dong, H., Wood, E., Montaner, J., … Milloy, M. (2018). Cannabis use is associated with lower rates of initiation of injection drug use among street‐involved youth: A longitudinal analysis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12667

Redden, M., Gahagan, J., Kia, H., Humble, Á. M., Stinchcombe, A., Manning, E., … Thomas, R. (2021). Housing as a determinant of health for older LGBT Canadians: Focus group findings from a national housing study. Housing and Society, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08882746.2021.1905996

Redvers, N., Nadeau, M., & Prince, D. (2020). Urban land-based healing: A northern intervention strategy. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 16(2), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v16i2.33177

Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2004). Position statement: Homelessness. RNAO: Ontario. https://rnao.ca/policy/position-statements/homelessness

Reid, N., Khan, B., Soklaridis, S., Kozloff, N., Brown, R., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020). Mechanisms of change and participant outcomes in a recovery education centre for individuals transitioning from homelessness: A qualitative evaluation. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 497–497. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08614-8

Reid, N., Kron, A., Lamanna, D., Wen, S., Durbin, A., Rajakulendran, T., … Stergiopoulos, V. (2021). Building bridges to housing for homeless adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Outcomes of a cross‐sector intervention. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12779

Reid, N., Kron, A., Rajakulendran, T., Kahan, D., Noble, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020). Promoting wellness and recovery of young women experiencing gender-based violence and homelessness: The role of trauma-informed health promotion interventions. Violence Against Women, 27(9). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220923748

Reid, N., Mason, J., Kurdyak, P., Nisenbaum, R., de Oliveira, C., Hwang, S., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2021). Evaluating the impact of a critical time intervention adaptation on health care utilization among homeless adults with mental health needs in a large urban center. Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743721996114

Richard, L., Booth, R., Rayner, J., Clemens, K. K., Forchuk, C., & Shariff, S. Z. (2021). Testing, infection and complication rates of COVID-19 among people with a recent history of homelessness in Ontario, Canada: A retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open, 9(1), E1–E9. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20200287

Richard, L., Hwang, S. W., Forchuk, C., Nisenbaum, R., Clemens, K., Wiens, K., … Shariff, S. Z. (2019). Validation study of health administrative data algorithms to identify individuals experiencing homelessness and estimate population prevalence of homelessness in Ontario, Canada. BMJ Open, 9(10), e030221–e030221. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030221

Richler, M. J., Yousaf, S., Hwang, S. W., & Dewhurst, N. F. (2019). Descriptive study of homeless patients’ perceptions that affect medication adherence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 76(17), 1288–1295. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz139

Rivera, L. A., Henschke, M. T., Khoo, E., Ing, S., Bae, S. J., Rice, C. M., … Forseth, M. H. (2018). A modeling study exploring the impact of homelessness on rostered primary care utilization in Calgary, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(4), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0098-6

Rodger, S., Bird, R., Hibbert, K., Johnson, A. M., Specht, J., & Wathen, C. N. (2020). Initial teacher education and trauma and violence informed care in the classroom: Preliminary results from an online teacher education course. Psychology in the Schools, 57(12), 1798–1814. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22373

Rogers, T., & Shafer, R. (2018). Addressing homelessness in our schools and language arts classrooms. Language Arts, 96(2), 102–112. National Council of Teachers of English (ncte.org)

Rotondi, M. A., O’Campo, P., O’Brien, K., Firestone, M., Wolfe, S. H., Bourgeois, C., & Smylie, J. K. (2017). Our health counts Toronto: Using respondent-driven sampling to unmask census undercounts of an urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada. BMJ Open, 7(12), e018936–e018936. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018936

Roy, L., Crocker, A., Hurtubise, R., Latimer, E., Côté, M., Billette, I., & Boissy, F. (2020). Reducing criminal justice involvement of individuals experiencing homelessness and mental illness: Perspectives of frontline practitioners. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 62(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2019-0056

Roy, S., Svoboda, T., Issacs, B., Budin, R., Sidhu, A., Biss, R. K., … Connelly, J. (2020). Examining the cognitive and mental health related disability rates among the homeless: Policy implications of changing the definition of disability in Ontario. Canadian Psychology = Psychologie Canadienne, 61(2), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000211

Saewyc, E., Mounsey, B., Tourand, J., Brunanski, D., Kirk, D., McNeil-Seymour, J., Shaughnessy, K., Tsuruda, S., & Clark, N. (2017). Homeless & street-involved Indigenous LGBTQ2S youth in British Columbia: Intersectionality, challenges, resilience & cues for action. In A. Abramovich, & J. Shelton (eds.), Where am I going to go? Intersectional approaches to ending LGBTQ2S youth homelessness in Canada & the U.S. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Saewyc, E. M., Shankar, S., Pearce, L. A., & Smith, A. (2021). Challenging the stereotypes: unexpected features of sexual exploitation among homeless and street-involved boys in western Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5898–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115898

Sandu, R. D., Anyan, F., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2021). Housing first, connection second: the impact of professional helping relationships on the trajectories of housing stability for people facing severe and multiple disadvantage. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 249–249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10281-2

Santos Salas, A., Watanabe, S. M., Tarumi, Y., Wildeman, T., Hermosa García, A. M., Adewale, B., & Duggleby, W. (2019). Social disparities and symptom burden in populations with advanced cancer: specialist palliative care providers’ perspectives. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(12), 4733–4744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-04726-z

Scheim, A. I., Bauer, G. R., & Shokoohi, M. (2017). Drug use among transgender people in Ontario, Canada: Disparities and associations with social exclusion. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.022

Schiff, R. (2016a). Conclusion. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Schiff, R. (2016b). Regina, Saskatchewan: The case of small, isolated urban centres. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Schiff, R., Buccieri, K., Waegemakers Schiff, J, Kauppi, C., & Riva, M. (2020). COVID-19 and pandemic planning in the context of rural and remote homelessness. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(6), 967–970. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00415-1

Schiff, R., & Møller, H. (Eds.). (2021). Health and health care in northern Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Schütz, C., Choi, F., Jae Song, M., Wesarg, C., Li, K., & Krausz, M. (2019). Living with dual diagnosis and homelessness: Marginalized within a marginalized group. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 15(2), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2019.1579948

Schwan, K., Dej, E. & Versteegh, A. (2020). Girls, homelessness, and COVID-19: The urgent need for research and action. Girlhood Studies, 13(3), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2020.130311

Schwan, K., Kidd, S., Gaetz, S., O’Grady, B., & Redman, M. (2017). Mental health care for homeless youth: A proposal for federal, provincial, and territorial leadership, coordination, and targeted investment. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press. Canadian Observatory On Homelessness Policy Brief (homelesshub.ca)

Schwan, K., Vaccaro, M. E., Reid, L., & Ali, N. (2021). Implementation of the right to housing for women, girls, and gender diverse people in Canada. Canada: The National Right to Housing Network.  Microsoft Word – EN_CHRC_13.docx (housingrights.ca)

Schwan, K., Vaccaro, M., Reid, L., Ali, N., & Baig, K. (2021b). The pan-Canadian women’s housing & homelessness survey. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. Pan-Canadian-Womens-Housing-Homelessness-Survey

Selfridge, M., Greer, A., Card, K. G., Macdonald, S., & Pauly, B. (2020). “It’s like super structural” – Overdose experiences of youth who use drugs and police in three non-metropolitan cities across British Columbia. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, 102623–102623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102623

Shaikh, A., & Rawal, H. (2019). Interconnections among homelessness, family separation, and mental health: Implications for multi-sectoral social services. Journal of Social Service Research, 45(4), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2018.1481174

Shankar, S., Gogosis, E., Palepu, A., Gadermann, A. M., & Hwang, S. W. (2019). “I haven’t given up and I’m not gonna”: A phenomenographic exploration of resilience among individuals experiencing homelessness. Qualitative Health Research, 29(13), 1850–1861. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318798353

Sibley, M. A. (2020). Attachments to victimhood: Anti-trafficking narratives and the criminalization of the sex trade. Social & Legal Studies, 29(5), 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663919897970

Simpson, A., Furlong, A., & Jetha, N. (2018). At-a-glance: Bringing equity into the fold: A review of interventions to improve mental health. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 38(10), 380–384. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.38.10.04

Skolnik, T. (2018). How and why homeless people are regulated differently. Queen’s Law Journal, 43(1), 297. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3219919

Smith, E., Milaney, K., Henderson, R. I., & Crowshoe, L. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and health among indigenous persons experiencing homelessness. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 85–85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10091-y

Sohn, J. & Gaetz, S. (2020). Upstream Canada: An early intervention strategy to prevent youth homelessness & school disengagement. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.

Song, M. J., Nikoo, M., Choi, F., Schütz, C. G., Jang, K., & Krausz, R. M. (2018). Childhood trauma and lifetime traumatic brain injury among individuals who are homeless. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000310

Stajduhar, K. I., Giesbrecht, M., Mollison, A., Dosani, N., & McNeil, R. (2020). Caregiving at the margins: An ethnographic exploration of family caregivers experiences providing care for structurally vulnerable populations at the end-of-life. Palliative Medicine, 34(7), 946–953. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320917875

Stajduhar, K. I., Mollison, A., Giesbrecht, M., McNeil, R., Pauly, B., Reimer-Kirkham, S., … Rounds, K. (2019). “Just too busy living in the moment and surviving”: Barriers to accessing health care for structurally vulnerable populations at end-of-life. BMC Palliative Care, 18(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-019-0396-7

St. Arnault, D., & Merali, N. (2019a). Pathways for refugees’ descent into homelessness in Edmonton, Alberta: The urgent need for policy and procedural change. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(4), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00652-5

St. Arnault, D., & Merali, N. (2019b). Refugee pathways out of homelessness in urban Alberta, Canada: implications for social justice-oriented counselling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(2), 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2018.1437540

Statistics Canada. (2020). 2016 census Aboriginal community portraits. Canada: Statistics Canada.

Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., Nisenbaum, R., Durbin, J., Hwang, S. W., O’Campo, P., … Wasylenki, D. (2018). Bridging hospital and community care for homeless adults with mental health needs: Outcomes of a brief interdisciplinary intervention. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(11), 774–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718772539

Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., Nisenbaum, R., Lamanna, D., Hwang, S. W., Tepper, J., & Wasylenki, D. (2017). Integrating hospital and community care for homeless people with unmet mental health needs: Program rationale, study protocol and sample description of a brief multidisciplinary case management intervention. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(2), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9731-5

Stergiopoulos, V., Gozdzik, A., Tan de Bibiana, J., Guimond, T., Hwang, S. W., Wasylenki, D. A., & Leszcz, M. (2016). Brief case management versus usual care for frequent users of emergency departments: The coordinated access to care from hospital emergency departments (CATCH-ED) randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 432–432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1666-1

Stergiopoulos, V., Naidu, A., Schuler, A., Bekele, T., Nisenbaum, R., Jbilou, J., … Rourke, S. B. (2019). Housing stability and neurocognitive functioning in homeless adults with mental illness: A subgroup analysis of the At Home/Chez Soi study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 865–865. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00865

Stewart, S. (2018). Supporting Indigenous youth experiencing homelessness. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Stewart, S. (2019). Family counselling as decolonization: Exploring an Indigenous social-constructivist approach in clinical practice. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 14(1), 43-56. https://fpcfr.journals.publicknowledgeproject.org/index.php/FPCFR/article/view/371

Strobel, S., Burcul, I., Dai, J. H., Ma, Z., Jamani, S., & Hossain, R. (2021). Characterizing people experiencing homelessness and trends in homelessness using population-level emergency department visit data in Ontario, Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Health Reports.

Sumalinog, R., Harrington, K., Dosani, N., & Hwang, S. W. (2017). Advance care planning, palliative care, and end-of-life care interventions for homeless people: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 31(2), 109-119. doi: 10.1177/0269216316649334

Sylvestre, J., Kerman, N., Polillo, A., Lee, C. M., & Aubry, T. (2017). A profile of families in the emergency family homeless shelter system in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 26(1), 40–51. Canadian Journal of Urban Research

Sylvestre, J., Kerman, N., Polillo, A., Lee, C. M., Aubry, T., & Czechowski, K. (2018). A Qualitative study of the pathways into and impacts of family homelessness. Journal of Family Issues, 39(8), 2265–2285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17746709

Sylvestre, J., Klodawsky, F., Gogosis, E., Ecker, J., Polillo, A., Czechowski, K., … Hwang, S. (2018). Perceptions of housing and shelter among people with histories of unstable housing in three cities in Canada: A qualitative study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 61(3-4), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12243

Thistle, J. (2017.) Indigenous definition of homelessness in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.

Thistle, J. (2019). From the ashes. My story of being Métis, homeless and finding my way. Simon Schuster: Toronto, Canada

Thistle, J., & Smylie, J. (2020). Pekiwewin (coming home): Advancing good relations with Indigenous people experiencing homelessness. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(10), E257–E259. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200199

Thulien, N. S., Gastaldo, D., Hwang, S. W., & McCay, E. (2018). The elusive goal of social integration: A critical examination of the socio-economic and psychosocial consequences experienced by homeless young people who obtain housing. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0029-6

Thulien, N. S., Gastaldo, D., McCay, E., & Hwang, S. W. (2019). “I want to be able to show everyone that it is possible to go from being nothing in the world to being something”: Identity as a determinant of social integration. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.005

Thulien, N. S., Kozloff, N., McCay, E., Nisenbaum, R., Wang, A., & Hwang, S. W. (2019). Evaluating the effects of a rent subsidy and mentoring intervention for youth transitioning out of homelessness: Protocol for a mixed methods, community-based pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 8(12), e15557–e15557. https://doi.org/10.2196/15557

Thulien, N. S., Wang, A., Mathewson, C., Wang, R., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). Tackling exclusion: A pilot mixed method quasi-experimental identity capital intervention for young people exiting homelessness. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256288

Timler, K., Varcoe, C., & Brown, H. (2019). Growing beyond nutrition: How a prison garden program highlights the potential of shifting from food security to food sovereignty for Indigenous peoples. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14(2), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i2.31938

To, M. J., Palepu, A., Matheson, F. I., Ecker, J., Farrell, S., Hwang, S. W., & Werb, D. (2016). The effect of incarceration on housing stability among homeless and vulnerably housed individuals in three Canadian cities: A prospective cohort study. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 107(6), e550–e555. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.107.5607

Trent University Homelessness Research Collective. (2019). “A good day is waking up inside.” Conversations about homelessness, housing vulnerability, and health care across the City of Kawartha Lakes and Haliburton County. ON: Trent University HRC.

Turner, A., Albanese, T., & Pakeman, K. (2017). Discerning “functional and absolute zero:” Defining and measuring an end to homelessness in Canada. The School of Public Policy Publications (SPPP), 10(2), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.11575/sppp.v10i0.42616

Urbanoski, K., Veldhuizen, S., Krausz, M., Schutz, C., Somers, J. M., Kirst, M., … Goering, P. (2018). Effects of comorbid substance use disorders on outcomes in a Housing First intervention for homeless people with mental illness. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13928

Van Berkum, A., & Oudshoorn, A. (2019). “Where to now?” Understanding the landscape of health and social services for homeless women in London, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Social Inclusion, 10(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.36251/josi.158

Van den Hoonaard, W. (2018). The vulnerability of vulnerability: Why social science researchers should abandon the doctrine of vulnerability. In the Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research Ethics (pp. 305-321). SAFE Publications Ltd, https://dx-doi-org.proxy1.lib.trentu.ca/10.4135/9781526435446.n21

van Ingen, C., Sharpe, E., & Lashua, B. (2018). Neighborhood stigma and the sporting lives of young people in public housing. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216641146

Victor, J., Shouting, M., DeGroot, C., Vonkeman, L., Brave Rock, M., & Hunt, R. (2019). I’taamohkanoohsin (everyone comes together): (Re)connecting Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and substance misuse to Blackfoot ways of knowing. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i1.31939

Vitopoulos, N., Cerswell Kielburger, L., Frederick, T., & Kidd, S. (2018). Developing a trauma-informed mental health group intervention for youth transitioning out of homelessness. In S. Kidd, N. Slesnick, T. Frederick, J. Karabanow, & S. Gaetz (eds.), Mental health & addiction interventions for youth experiencing homelessness: Practical strategies for front-line providers. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Vitopoulos, N. A., Frederick, T. J., Leon, S., Daley, M., McDonald, C., Morales, S., … Kidd, S. A. (2018). Development of a complex tertiary prevention intervention for the transition out of youth homelessness. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.08.038

Vogel, M., Frank, A., Choi, F., Strehlau, V., Nikoo, N., Nikoo, M., … Schütz, C. G. (2017). Chronic pain among homeless persons with mental illness. Pain Medicine, 18(12), 2280–2288. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw324

Vogel, M., Nikoo, M., Nikoo, N., Schütz, C. G., Walter, M., Somers, J., & Krausz, M.  (2019). Association of substance use patterns with psychiatric disorders in homeless persons with psychiatric disorders in Vancouver. Int J Ment Health Addiction 17, 1200–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0040-4

Voisard, B., Whitley, R., Latimer, E., Looper, K., & Laliberté, V. (2021). Insights from homeless men about PRISM, an innovative shelter-based mental health service. PloS One, 16(4), e0250341–e0250341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250341

Von Riesen, K. (2020). Providing meaningful spiritual care to Indigenous populations experiencing homelessness. Master’s Thesis. University of Manitoba.

Waegemakers Schiff, J. (2015). Working with homeless and vulnerable people: Basic skills and practices. UK: Oxford University Press.

Waegemakers Schiff, J., & Lane, A. (2016). The Calgary response. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Waegemakers Schiff, J., & Lane, A. M. (2019). PTSD symptoms, vicarious traumatization, and burnout in front line workers in the homeless sector. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(3), 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-00364-7

Waegemakers Schiff, J., Pauly, B., & Schiff, R. (2016). Health needs and analysis of pandemic planning in four Canadian cities. In K. Buccieri, & R. Schiff (eds.), Pandemic Preparedness and Homelessness: Lessons from H1N1 in Canada. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Waegemakers Schiff, J., & Rook, J. (2012). Housing first: Where is the evidence? Toronto: Homeless Hub.

Waite, S., Ecker, J., & Ross, L. E. (2019). A systematic review and thematic synthesis of Canada’s LGBTQ2S+ employment, labour market and earnings literature. PloS One, 14(10), e0223372–e0223372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223372

Wales, J., Kalia, S., Moineddin, R., & Husain, A. (2020). The impact of socioeconomic status on place of death among patients receiving home palliative care in Toronto, Canada: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Palliative Care, 35(3), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0825859719855020

Wallace, B., Pauly, B., Perkin, K., & Cross, G. (2019). Where’s the housing? Housing and income outcomes of a transitional program to end homelessness. Journal of Poverty, 23(2), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2018.1549185

Wang, J. Z., Mott, S., Magwood, O., Mathew, C., Mclellan, A., Kpade, V., … Andermann, A. (2019). The impact of interventions for youth experiencing homelessness on housing, mental health, substance use, and family cohesion: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1528–1528. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7856-0

Wang, A., Pridham, K.F., Nisenbaum, R., Pedersen, C., Brown, R., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). Factors associated with readmission among general internal medicine patients experiencing homelessness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36, 1944–1950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06483-w

Wardhaugh, J. (1999). The unaccommodated woman: Home, homelessness and identity. The Sociological Review, 47(1): 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00164

Webster, P. (2017). Bringing homeless deaths to light. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189(11), E446–E447. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095399

West, K. J., Wrobel, B., Pallotta, S., & Coatsworth, A. (2020). Bearing witness: Exploring the end-of-life needs of homeless persons and barriers to appropriate care. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 82(1), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818801150

Wheeler, C., Price, C., & Ellasante, I. (2017). Pathways into and out of homelessness for LGBTQ2S youth. In A. Abramovich, & J. Shelton (eds.), Where am I going to go? Intersectional approaches to ending LGBTQ2S youth homelessness in Canada & the U.S. Toronto, ON: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness.

Whisler, A., Dosani, N., To, M. J., O’Brien, K., Young, S., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). The effect of a housing first intervention on primary care retention among homeless individuals with mental illness. PloS One, 16(2), e0246859–e0246859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246859

Wiens, K., Nisenbaum, R., Sucha, E., Aubry, T., Farrell, S., Palepu, A., Duhoux, A., Gadermann, A., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). Does housing improve health care utilization and costs? A longitudinal analysis of health administrative data link to a cohort of individuals with a history of homelessness. Medical Care, 59, S110-S116. 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001379

Wiens, K., Rosella, L.C., Kurdyak, P., Chen, S., Aubry, T., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2021). Factors associated with higher healthcare costs in a cohort of homeless adults with a mental illness and a general cohort of adults with a history of homelessness. BMC Health Serv Res, 21, 555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06562-

Wiens, K., Rosella, L. C., Kurdyak, P., & Hwang, S. W. (2020). Patterns and predictors of high-cost users of the health system: A data linkage protocol to combine a cohort study and randomised controlled trial of adults with a history of homelessness. BMJ Open, 10(12), e039966–e039966. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039966

Wolfstadt, J. I., Pincus, D., Kreder, H. J., & Wasserstein, D. (2019). Association between socioeconomic deprivation and surgical complications in adults undergoing ankle fracture fixation: A population-based analysis. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 62(5), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.012018

Wong, A., Chen, J., Dicipulo, R., Weiss, D., Sleet, D. A., & Francescutti, L. H. (2020). Combatting homelessness in Canada: Applying lessons learned from six tiny villages to the Edmonton bridge healing program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6279–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176279

Woolley, E. (2015). Why wasn’t homelessness a social problem until the 1980s? Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/blog/why-wasnt-homelessness-social-problem-until-1980s

Wu, H., & Karabanow, J. (2020). COVID-19 and beyond: Social work interventions for supporting homeless populations. International Social Work, 63(6), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820949625

Wu, V., Noel, C. W., Forner, D., Mok, F., Zirkle, M., Eskander, A., … Lee, J. M. (2020). Otolaryngology needs among an adult homeless population: a prospective study. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 49(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00445-2

Yakubovich, A. R., & Maki, K. (2021). Preventing gender-based homelessness in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: The need to account for violence against women. Violence Against Women, 1-13. DOI: 10.1177/10778012211034202

Yazdani, K., Nikoo, M., Sayre, E. C., Choi, F., Jang, K., & Krausz, R. M. (2020). The impact of employment on recovery among individuals who are homeless with severe mental illness in the Vancouver at home / chez soi trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(12), 1619–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01887-9

Young, S., & Fairbairn, N. (2018). Expanding supervised injection facilities across Canada: lessons from the Vancouver experience. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(2), 227–230. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0089-7

Young, M. G., & Manion, K. (2017). Harm reduction through housing first: an assessment of the Emergency Warming Centre in Inuvik, Canada. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 8–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0128-8

Zhang, L., Norena, M., Gadermann, A., Hubley, A., Russell, L., Aubry, T., To, M. J., Farrell, S., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2018). Concurrent disorders and health care utilization among homeless and vulnerably housed persons in Canada. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 14(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2017.1392055

Zhang, P., & Kteily-Hawa, R. (2018). Poetry, prose, and personhood: The art of storytelling with the homeless. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education, 30(2), 69-79. https://cjsae.library.dal.ca/index.php/cjsae/article/view/5438

Zhang, P., Wiens, K., Wang, R., Luong, L., Ansara, D., Gower, S., … Hwang, S. W. (2019). Cold weather conditions and risk of hypothermia among people experiencing homelessness: Implications for prevention strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183259

Zuccaro, L., Champion, C., Bennett, S., & Ying, Y. (2018). Understanding the surgical care needs and use of outpatient surgical care services among homeless patients at the Ottawa Hospital. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 61(6), 424–429. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.001317

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

Understanding Homelessness in Canada Copyright © 2022 by Kristy Buccieri, James Davy, Cyndi Gilmer, and Nicole Whitmore is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book