7 1.7 References

1.1 Overview of COPD and Asthma

1. Ishiura Y., et al. Effect of triple therapy in patients with asthma-COPD overlap. 2019. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 384-392.2. Veo T., et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burde of Disease Study 2015.
2. Veo T., et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
3. Adeloye D, Chua S, Lee C, et al. Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2015. J Glob Health. 5: 020415.
4. Rabe K., Watz H. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2017. The Lancet. 1931-40.
5. Dai J, Yang P, Cox A, Jiang G. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: From a clinical perspective. 2017. Oncotarget. 8(11):18513-18524.
6. Leather DA, Yates L, Svedsater H, Jacques L, Collier S, Powell D, Jones R. Can medicines development improve outcomes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management by driving effectiveness? 2019. Respir Res. 20(1):173.
7. Miravitlles M, Ribera A. Understanding the impact of symptoms on the burden of COPD. 2017. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):67.
8. Terzikhan N, Verhamme KM, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam Study. 2016. Eur J Epidemiol. 31(8):785-792.
9. Torres-Durán M, Lopez-Campos JL, Barrecheguren M, et al. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: outstanding questions and future directions. 2018.  Orphanet J Rare Dis. 13(1):114.
10. Bagdonas E, Raudoniute J, Bruzauskaite I, Aldonyte R. Novel aspects of pathogenesis and regeneration mechanisms in COPD. 2015. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 10:995-1013.
11. Caramori G, Casolari P, Barczyk A, Durham AL, Di Stefano A, Adcock I. COPD immunopathology. 2016. Semin Immunopathol. 38(4):497-515.
12. Rogliani P, Ora J, Puxeddu E, Cazzola M. Airflow obstruction: is it asthma or is it COPD?. 2016. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 11:3007-3013.
13. Frati F, Salvatori C, Incorvaia C, et al. The Role of the Microbiome in Asthma: The Gut⁻Lung Axis. 2018. Int J Mol Sci. 20(1):123.
14. Loureiro CC, Amaral L, Ferreira JA, et al. Omalizumab for Severe Asthma: Beyond Allergic Asthma. 2018. Biomed Res Int. 2018:3254094.
15. Hudon Thibeault, Andrée-Anne, and Catherine Laprise. “Cell-Specific DNA Methylation Signatures in Asthma.” Genes, vol. 10, no. 11, Nov. 2019, p. 932. www.mdpi.com, doi:10.3390/genes10110932.

1.2 Current Treatment Options

1. Agarwal, R., Dhooria, S., Aggarwal, A. N., Maturu, V. N., Sehgal, I. S., Muthu, V., Prasad, K. T., Yenge, L. B., Singh, N., Behera, D., Jindal, S. K., Gupta, D., Balamugesh, T., Bhalla, A., Chaudhry, D., Chhabra, S. K., Chokhani, R., Chopra, V., Dadhwal, D. S., D’Souza, G., … Varma, S. (2015). Guidelines for diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma: Joint ICS/NCCP (I) recommendations. Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society, 32(Suppl 1), S3–S42. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.154517
2. Miravitlles, M., Vogelmeier, C., Roche, N., Halpin, D., Cardoso, J., Chuchalin, A. G., . . . Blasi, F. (2016). A review of national guidelines for management of COPD in Europe. European Respiratory Journal, 47(2), 625-637. doi:10.1183/13993003.01170-2015
3. René Aalbers, Claus Vogelmeier, Piotr Kuna, Achieving asthma control with ICS/LABA: A review of strategies for asthma management and prevention, Respiratory Medicine, Volume 111, 2016, Pages 1-7, ISSN 0954-6111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2015.11.002.

1.3 Overview of Triple Therapy

Inhaled Corticosteroids

1. Barnes, Peter J. “Inhaled Corticosteroids.” Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 3, no. 3, Mar. 2010, pp. 514–40. PubMed, doi:10.3390/ph3030514.
2. Hossny, Elham, et al. “The Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Pediatric Asthma: Update.” World Allergy Organization Journal, vol. 9, 2016, p. 26. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1186/s40413-016-0117-0.

Bronchodilators

1. Alagha, Khuder, et al. “Long-Acting Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Chronic Airway Diseases.” Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, vol. 5, no. 2, Mar. 2014, pp. 85–98. PubMed, doi:10.1177/2040622313518227.
2. Kistemaker, Loes E. M., et al. “Regulation of Airway Inflammation and Remodeling by Muscarinic Receptors: Perspectives on Anticholinergic Therapy in Asthma and COPD.” Life Sciences, vol. 91, no. 21–22, Nov. 2012, pp. 1126–33. PubMed, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.021.
3. Matera, M. G., et al. “Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Bronchodilators Revisited.” Pharmacological Reviews, edited by Eric L. Barker, vol. 72, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 218–52. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1124/pr.119.018150.
4. Tashkin, Donald P., and Leonardo M. Fabbri. “Long-Acting Beta-Agonists in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current and Future Agents.” Respiratory Research, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2010, p. 149. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-149.
5. Figure 5: “Diagram showing the various effects of acetylcholine…” created using Biorender.com

1.4 Determining the Effectiveness of Triple vs. Dual Therapy in ACO

1. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. 2 Feb. 2011, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/open-label-study.
2. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. 2 Feb. 2011, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/crossover-study.
3. Figure 6:  “Study Design” Created Using Biorender.com
4. Gregoriano C., et al. (2018). Use and inhalation technique of inhaled medication in patients with asthma and COPD: data from a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res. 10:237. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0936-3
5. Lipson D., et al. (2018). Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 378(18):1671-1680. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1713901