4.1 Solve Systems of Equations by Graphing
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Determine whether an ordered pair is a solution of a system of equations
- Solve a system of linear equations by graphing
- Determine the number of solutions of linear system
- Solve applications of systems of equations by graphing
Try It
Before you get started, take this readiness quiz:
1) For the equation [latex]y=\frac{2}{3}x-4[/latex]
a. is [latex]\left(6,0\right)[/latex] a solution? b. is [latex]\left(-3,-2\right)[/latex] a solution?
2) Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept of the line [latex]3x-y=12[/latex].
3) Find the [latex]x[/latex]– and [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts of the line [latex]2x-3y=12[/latex].
Determine Whether an Ordered Pair is a Solution of a System of Equations
In Solving Linear Equations and Applications of Linear Functions we learned how to solve linear equations with one variable. Remember that the solution of an equation is a value of the variable that makes a true statement when substituted into the equation.
Now we will work with systems of linear equations, two or more linear equations grouped together.
System of Linear Equations
When two or more linear equations are grouped together, they form a system of linear equations.
We will focus our work here on systems of two linear equations in two unknowns. Later, you may solve larger systems of equations.
An example of a system of two linear equations is shown below. We use a brace to show the two equations are grouped together to form a system of equations.
A linear equation in two variables, like [latex]2x+y=7[/latex], has an infinite number of solutions. Its graph is a line. Remember, every point on the line is a solution to the equation and every solution to the equation is a point on the line.
To solve a system of two linear equations, we want to find the values of the variables that are solutions to both equations. In other words, we are looking for the ordered pairs [latex](x,y)[/latex] that make both equations true. These are called the solutions to a system of equations.
Solutions of a System of Equations
Solutions of a system of equations are the values of the variables that make all the equations true. A solution of a system of two linear equations is represented by an ordered pair [latex](x, y)[/latex].
To determine if an ordered pair is a solution to a system of two equations, we substitute the values of the variables into each equation. If the ordered pair makes both equations true, it is a solution to the system.
Let’s consider the system below:
Is the ordered pair [latex]\left(2,-1\right)[/latex] a solution?
We substitute [latex]{\color{red}{x}}{\color{red}{\;}}{\color{red}{=}}{\color{red}{\;}}{\color{red}{2}}[/latex] into both equations.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}3{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;7\\3({\color{red}{2}})\;-\;({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{1}})\;&\overset?=&\;7\\7\;&=&\;7\;\checkmark\\\\{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;2{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;4\\{\color{red}{2}}\;-\;2({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{1}})\;&\overset?=&\;4\\4\;&=&\;4\;\checkmark\end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The ordered pair [latex](2, −1)[/latex] made both equations true. Therefore [latex](2, −1)[/latex] is a solution to this system.
Let’s try another ordered pair. Is the ordered pair [latex](3, 2)[/latex] a solution?
We substitute [latex]{\color{red}{x}}{\color{red}{\;}}{\color{red}{=}}{\color{red}{\;}}{\color{red}{3}}[/latex] into both equations.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}3{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;7\\3({\color{red}{3}})\;-\;{\color{blue}{2}}\;&\overset?=&\;7\\7\;&=&\;7\checkmark\\\\{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;2{\color{blue}{y}}\;&\overset?=&\;4\\{\color{red}{2}}\;-\;2({\color{blue}{2}})\;&=&\;4\;\\-2\;&=&\;4\;False\end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The ordered pair [latex](3, 2)[/latex] made one equation true, but it made the other equation false. Since it is not a solution to both equations, it is not a solution to this system.
Example 4.1.1
Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x-y=-1\hfill \\ 2x-y=-5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
a. [latex]\left(-2,-1\right)[/latex] b. [latex]\left(-4,-3\right)[/latex]
Solution
a.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x-y=-1\hfill \\ 2x-y=-5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
We substitute x = [latex]{\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{2}}[/latex] and y = [latex]{\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{1}}[/latex] into both equations.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;-1\\{\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{2}}\;-\;({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{1}})\;&\overset?=&\;-1\\-1\;&=&\;-1\;\checkmark\\[3ex]2{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;-5\\2({\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{2}}{\color{black}{)}}\;-\;({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{1}})\;&\overset?=&\;-5\\5\;&\neq&-5\\\end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
[latex](−2, −1)[/latex] does not make both equations true. [latex](−2, −1)[/latex] is not a solution.
b.
We substitute [latex]{x=}{\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{4}}[/latex] and [latex]{y=}{\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{3}}[/latex] into both equations.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;-1\\{\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{4}}\;-\;({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{3}})\;&\overset?=&\;-1\\-1\;&=&\;-1\checkmark\\[3ex]{\color{black}{2}}{\color{red}{x}}\;-\;{\color{blue}{y}}\;&=&\;-5\\2({\color{red}{-}}{\color{red}{4}}{\color{black}{)}}\;-\;({\color{blue}{-}}{\color{blue}{3}})\;&\overset?=&\;-5\\-5\;&=&\;-5\checkmark\end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
[latex](−4, −3)[/latex] does make both equations true. [latex](−4, −3)[/latex] is a solution.
Try It
4) Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x+y=0\hfill \\ x+2y=-5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
a. [latex](1,-3)[/latex] b. [latex](0,0)[/latex]
Solution
a. yes b. no
5) Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x-3y=-8\hfill \\ -3x-y=4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
a. [latex](2,-2)[/latex] b. [latex](-2,2)[/latex]
Solution
a. no b. yes
Solve a System of Linear Equations by Graphing
In this chapter we will use three methods to solve a system of linear equations. The first method we’ll use is graphing.
The graph of a linear equation is a line. Each point on the line is a solution to the equation. For a system of two equations, we will graph two lines. Then we can see all the points that are solutions to each equation. And, by finding what the lines have in common, we’ll find the solution to the system.
Most linear equations in one variable have one solution, but we saw that some equations, called contradictions, have no solutions and for other equations, called identities, all numbers are solutions.
Similarly, when we solve a system of two linear equations represented by a graph of two lines in the same plane, there are three possible cases, as shown in Figure 4.1.1:
For the first example of solving a system of linear equations in this section and in the next two sections, we will solve the same system of two linear equations. But we’ll use a different method in each section. After seeing the third method, you’ll decide which method was the most convenient way to solve this system.
Example 4.1.2
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}2x+y=7\hfill \\ x-2y=6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
Step 1: Graph the first equation.
To graph the first line, write the equation in slope-intercept form.
[latex]\begin{align*}{\color{red}{2x+y}}&{\color{red}{\;=7}}\\ y&=-2x+7\\ m&=-2\\ b&=7 \end{align*}[/latex]
Step 2: Graph the second equation on the same rectangular coordinate system.
To graph the second line, use intercepts.
[latex]x-2y=6[/latex]
[latex](0,-3)\;\;(6,0)[/latex]
Step 3: Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.
Look at the graph of the lines.
The lines intersect.
Step 4: Identify the solution to the system.
If the lines intersect, identify the point of intersection. Check to make sure it is a solution to both equations. This is the solution to the system.
If the lines are parallel, the system has no solution. If the lines are the same, the system has an infinite number of solutions.
Since the lines intersect, find the point of intersection.
Check the point in both equations.
The lines intersect at [latex](4, -1)[/latex]
[latex]\begin{align*} 2x+y&=7\\ 2(4)+(-1)&\overset?=7\\ 8-1&\overset?=7\\ 7&=7\checkmark\\[3ex] x-2y&=6\\ 4-2(-1)&\overset?=6\\ 6&=6\checkmark \end{align*}[/latex]
The solution is [latex](4,-1)[/latex].
Try It
6) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x-3y=-3\hfill \\ x+y=5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(3,2\right)[/latex]
7) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}-x+y=1\hfill \\ 3x+2y=12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(2,3\right)[/latex]
The steps to use to solve a system of linear equations by graphing are shown below.
HOW TO
Solve a system of linear equations by graphing.
- Graph the first equation.
- Graph the second equation on the same rectangular coordinate system.
- Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.
- Identify the solution to the system.
- If the lines intersect, identify the point of intersection. Check to make sure it is a solution to both equations. This is the solution to the system.
- If the lines are parallel, the system has no solution.
- If the lines are the same, the system has an infinite number of solutions.
Example 4.1.3
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=2x+1\hfill \\ y=4x-1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
Both of the equations in this system are in slope-intercept form, so we will use their slopes and [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts to graph them. [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=2x+1\hfill \\ y=4x-1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 1: Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept of the first equation.
[latex]\begin{align*}y &= 2x + 1\\m &=2\\ &= 1\end{align*}[/latex]
Step 2: Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept of the second equation.
[latex]\begin{align*}y &= 4x - 1\\m &= 4\\ &= -1\end{align*}[/latex]
Step 3: Graph the two lines.
Step 4: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines intersect at [latex](1, 3)[/latex].
Step 5: Check the solution in both equations.
[latex]\begin{array}{cccc}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill y& =\hfill & 2x+1\hfill \\ \hfill 3& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 2\cdot 1+1\hfill \\ \hfill 3& =\hfill & 3✓\hfill \end{array}& & & \begin{array}{ccc}\hfill y& =\hfill & 4x-1\hfill \\ \hfill 3& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 4\cdot 1-1\hfill \\ \hfill 3& =\hfill & 3✓\hfill \end{array}\end{array}[/latex]
Step 6: Write solution as point [latex](x,y)[/latex].
The solution is [latex](1, 3)[/latex].
Try It
8) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=2x+2\hfill \\ y=\text{−}x-4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(-2,-2\right)[/latex]
9) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=3x+3\hfill \\ y=\text{−}x+7\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(1,6\right)[/latex]
Both equations in Example 4.1.3 were given in slope–intercept form. This made it easy for us to quickly graph the lines. In the next example, we’ll first re-write the equations into slope–intercept form.
Example 4.1.4
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x+y=-1\hfill \\ 2x+y=0\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
We’ll solve both of these equations for [latex]y[/latex] so that we can easily graph them using their slopes and [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts. [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x+y=-1\hfill \\ 2x+y=0\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 1: Solve the first equation for [latex]y[/latex].
Step 2: Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
[latex]\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 3x+y& =\hfill & -1\hfill \\ \hfill y& =\hfill & -3x-1\hfill \\ \\ \hfill m& =\hfill & -3\hfill \\ \hfill b& =\hfill & -1\hfill \\ \\ \\ \hfill 2x+y& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill y& =\hfill & -2x\hfill \\ \\ \hfill m& =\hfill & -2\hfill \\ \hfill b& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}\end{array}[/latex]
Step 3: Solve the second equation for [latex]y[/latex].
Step 4: Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
Step 5: Graph the lines.
Step 6: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines intersect at [latex](−1, 2)[/latex].
Step 7: Check the solution in both equations.
[latex]\begin{array}{cccc}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 3x+y& =\hfill & -1\hfill \\ \hfill 3\left(-1\right)+2& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & -1\hfill \\ \hfill -1& =\hfill & -1✓\hfill \end{array}& & & \begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2x+y& =\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill 2\left(-1\right)+2& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 0\hfill \\ \hfill 0& =\hfill & 0✓\hfill \end{array}\end{array}[/latex]
The solution is [latex](−1, 2)[/latex].
Try It
10) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}-x+y=1\hfill \\ 2x+y=10\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(3,4\right)[/latex]
11) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}2x+y=6\hfill \\ x+y=1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(5,-4\right)[/latex]
Usually when equations are given in standard form, the most convenient way to graph them is by using the intercepts. We’ll do this in Example 4.1.5.
Example 4.1.5
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x+y=2\hfill \\ x-y=4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
We will find the [latex]x[/latex]– and [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts of both equations and use them to graph the lines.
[latex]x + y = 2[/latex]
Step 1:To find the intercepts, let [latex]x = 0[/latex] and solve for [latex]y[/latex], then let [latex]y = 0[/latex] and solve for [latex]x[/latex].
[latex]\begin{array}{cccc}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill x+y& =\hfill & 2\hfill \\ 0+y& =\hfill & 2\hfill \\ y& =\hfill & 2\hfill \end{array}& & & \begin{array}{ccc}\hfill x+y& =\hfill & 2\hfill \\ x+0& =\hfill & 2\hfill \\ x& =\hfill & 2\hfill \end{array}\end{array}[/latex]
[latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
---|---|
[latex]0[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]2[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
Step 2: To find the intercepts, let [latex]x = 0[/latex] then let [latex]y = 0[/latex].
[latex]\begin{array}{cccc}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill x-y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill 0-y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill -y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill y& =\hfill & -4\hfill \end{array}& & & \begin{array}{ccc}\hfill x-y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill x-0& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill x& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \\ \\ \end{array}\end{array}[/latex]
[latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
---|---|
[latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-4[/latex] |
[latex]4[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
Step 3: Graph the line.
Step 4: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines intersect at [latex](3, −1)[/latex].
Step 5: Check the solution in both equations.
[latex]\begin{array}{cccccccc}\hfill x+y& =\hfill & 2\hfill & & & \hfill x-y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ 3+\left(-1\right)\hfill & \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 2\hfill & & & \hfill 3-\left(-1\right)& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill 2& =\hfill & 2✓\hfill & & & \hfill 4& =\hfill & 4✓\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
The solution is [latex](3, −1)[/latex].
Try It
12) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x+y=6\hfill \\ x-y=2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(4,2\right)[/latex]
13) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x+y=2\hfill \\ x-y=-8\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(5,-3\right)[/latex]
Do you remember how to graph a linear equation with just one variable? It will be either a vertical or a horizontal line.
Example 4.1.6
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=6\hfill \\ 2x+3y=12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=6\hfill \\ 2x+3y=12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 1: We know the first equation represents a horizontal line whose [latex]y[/latex]-intercept is [latex]6[/latex].
[latex]y = 6 [/latex]
Step 2: The second equation is most conveniently graphed using intercepts.
[latex]2x + 3y = 12[/latex]
Step 3: To find the intercepts, let [latex]x = 0[/latex] and then [latex]y = 0[/latex].
[latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
---|---|
[latex]0[/latex] | [latex]4[/latex] |
[latex]6[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
Step 4: Graph the lines.
Step 5: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines intersect at [latex](−3, 6)[/latex].
Step 6: Check the solution to both equations.
[latex]\begin{array}{cccccccc}\hfill y& =\hfill & 6\hfill & & & \hfill 2x+3y& =\hfill & 12\hfill \\ \hfill 6& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 6✓\hfill & & & \hfill 2\left(-3\right)+3\left(6\right)& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 12\hfill \\ \hfill 2& =\hfill & 2\hfill & & & \hfill -6+18& \stackrel{?}{=}\hfill & 12\hfill \\ & & & & & \hfill 12& =\hfill & 12✓\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
The solution is [latex](−3, 6)[/latex].
Try It
14) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=-1\hfill \\ x+3y=6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(9,-1\right)[/latex]
15) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x=4\hfill \\ 3x-2y=24\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\left(4,-6\right)[/latex]
In all the systems of linear equations so far, the lines intersected and the solution was one point. In the next two examples, we’ll look at a system of equations that has no solution and at a system of equations that has an infinite number of solutions.
Example 4.1.7
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=\frac{1}{2}x-3\hfill \\ x-2y=4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=\frac{1}{2}x-3\hfill \\ x-2y=4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 1: To graph the first equation, we will use its slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
[latex]\begin{align*}y &= \frac{1}{2} x - 3\\m &= \frac{1}{2}\\b &= -3\end{align*}[/latex]
Step 2: To graph the second equation, we will use the intercepts.
[latex]x - 2y = 4[/latex]
[latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
---|---|
[latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-2[/latex] |
[latex]4[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
Step 3: Graph the lines.
Step 4: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines are parallel.
Since no point is on both lines, there is no ordered pair that makes both equations true. There is no solution to this system.
Try It
16) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=-\frac{1}{4}x+2\hfill \\ x+4y=-8\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
no solution
17) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=3x-1\hfill \\ 6x-2y=6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
no solution
Example 4.1.8
Solve the system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=2x-3\hfill \\ -6x+3y=-9\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=2x-3\hfill \\ -6x+3y=-9\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 1: Find the slope and [latex]y[/latex]-intercept of the first equation.
[latex]\begin{align*}y&=2x-3\\m&=2\\b&=-3\end{align*}[/latex]
Step 2: Find the intercepts of the second equation.
[latex]-6x + 3y = -9[/latex]
[latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
---|---|
[latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
[latex]\frac{3}{2}[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
Step 3: Graph the lines.
Step 4: Determine the point of intersection.
The lines are the same!
Since every point on the line makes both equations true, there are infinitely many ordered pairs that make both equations true.
There are infinitely many solutions to this system.
Try It
18) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=-3x-6\hfill \\ 6x+2y=-12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
infinitely many solutions
19) Solve each system by graphing: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=\frac{1}{2}x-4\hfill \\ 2x-4y=16\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
infinitely many solutions
If you write the second equation in Example 4.1.8 in slope-intercept form, you may recognize that the equations have the same slope and same [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
When we graphed the second line in the last example, we drew it right over the first line. We say the two lines are coincident. Coincident lines have the same slope and same [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
Coincident Lines
Coincident lines have the same slope and same [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
Determine the Number of Solutions of a Linear System
There will be times when we will want to know how many solutions there will be to a system of linear equations, but we might not actually have to find the solution. It will be helpful to determine this without graphing.
We have seen that two lines in the same plane must either intersect or are parallel. The systems of equations in Example 4.1.2 through Example 4.1.6 all had two intersecting lines. Each system had one solution.
A system with parallel lines, like Example 4.1.7, has no solution. What happened in Example 4.1.8? The equations have coincident lines, and so the system had infinitely many solutions.
We’ll organize these results in Figure 4.2.10 below:
Graph | Number of solutions |
---|---|
2 intersecting lines | 1 |
Parallel lines | None |
Same line | Infinitely many |
Parallel lines have the same slope but different [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts. So, if we write both equations in a system of linear equations in slope–intercept form, we can see how many solutions there will be without graphing! Look at the system we solved in Example 4.1.7.
The two lines have the same slope but different [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts. They are parallel lines.
Figure 4.1.11 shows how to determine the number of solutions of a linear system by looking at the slopes and intercepts.
Number of Solutions of a Linear System of Equations
Slopes | Intercepts | Type of Lines | Number of Solutions |
---|---|---|---|
Different | Intersecting | 1 point | |
Same | Different | Parallel | No solution |
Same | Same | Coincident | Infinitely many solutions |
Let’s take one more look at our equations in Example 4.1.7 that gave us parallel lines.
When both lines were in slope-intercept form we had:
Do you recognize that it is impossible to have a single ordered pair [latex]\left(x,y\right)[/latex] that is a solution to both of those equations?
We call a system of equations like this an inconsistent system. It has no solution.
A system of equations that has at least one solution is called a consistent system.
Consistent and Inconsistent Systems
A consistent system of equations is a system of equations with at least one solution.
An inconsistent system of equations is a system of equations with no solution.
We also categorize the equations in a system of equations by calling the equations independent or dependent. If two equations are independent equations, they each have their own set of solutions. Intersecting lines and parallel lines are independent.
If two equations are dependent, all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of the other equation. When we graph two dependent equations, we get coincident lines.
Independent and Dependent Equations
Two equations are independent if they have different solutions.
Two equations are dependent if all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of the other equation.
Let’s sum this up by looking at the graphs of the three types of systems. See Figure 4.1.12 and Figure 4.2.13.
Lines | Intersecting | Parallel | Coincident |
---|---|---|---|
Number of solutions | 1 point | No solution | Infinitely many |
Consistent/Inconsistent | Consistent | Inconsistent | Consistent |
Dependent/Independent | Independent | Independent | Dependent |
Example 4.1.9
Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=3x-1\hfill \\ 6x-2y=12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
Step 1: We will compare the slopes and intercepts of the two lines.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=3x-1\hfill \\ 6x-2y=12\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 2: The first equation is already in slope-intercept form.
[latex]y=3x-1[/latex]
Step 3: Write the second equation in slope-intercept form.
[latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 6x-2y& =\hfill & 12\hfill \\ \hfill -2y& =\hfill & -6x+12\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{-2y}{-2}& =\hfill & \frac{-6x+12}{-2}\hfill \\ \hfill y& =\hfill & 3x-6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 4: Find the slope and intercept of each line.
[latex]\begin{array}{ccccccccc}\hfill y& =\hfill & 3x-1\hfill & & & & \hfill y& =\hfill & 3x-6\hfill \\ \hfill m& =\hfill & 3\hfill & & & & \hfill m& =\hfill & 3\hfill \\ \hfill b& =\hfill & -1\hfill & & & & \hfill b& =\hfill & -6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Since the slopes are the same and [latex]y[/latex]-intercepts are different, the lines are parallel.
A system of equations whose graphs are parallel lines has no solution and is inconsistent and independent.
Try It
20) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=-2x-4\hfill \\ 4x+2y=9\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
no solution, inconsistent, independent
21) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}y=\frac{1}{3}x-5\hfill \\ x-3y=6\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
no solution, inconsistent, independent
Example 4.1.10
Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations: [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}2x+y=-3\hfill \\ x-5y=5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
Step 1: We will compare the slope and intercepts of the two lines.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}2x+y=-3\hfill \\ x-5y=5\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 2: Write both equations in slope-intercept form.
[latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2x+y& =& -3\hfill \\ \hfill y& =& -2x-3\hfill\\\hfill x-5y=5& =& 5\hfill \\ \hfill -5y& =& -x+5\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{-5y}{-5}& =& \frac{-x+5}{-5}\hfill \\ \hfill y& =& \frac{1}{5}x-1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 3: Find the slope and intercept of each line.
[latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill y& =& -2x-3\hfill \\ \hfill m& =& -2\hfill \\ \hfill b& =& -3\hfill\\\hfill y& =& \frac{1}{5}x-1\hfill \\ \hfill m& =& \frac{1}{5}\hfill \\ \hfill b& =& -1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Since the slopes are different, the lines intersect.
A system of equations whose graphs are intersect has 1 solution and is consistent and independent.
Try It
22) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x+2y=2\hfill \\ 2x+y=1\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
one solution, consistent, independent
23) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}x+4y=12\hfill \\ -x+y=3\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
one solution, consistent, independent
Example 4.1.11
Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations. [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x-2y=4\hfill \\ y=\frac{3}{2}x-2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
Step 1: We will compare the slopes and intercepts of the two lines.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}3x-2y=4\hfill \\ y=\frac{3}{2}x-2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 2: Write the first equation in slope-intercept form.
[latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 3x-2y& =\hfill & 4\hfill \\ \hfill -2y& =\hfill & -3x+4\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{-2y}{-2}& =\hfill & \frac{-3x+4}{-2}\hfill \\ \hfill y& =\hfill & \frac{3}{2}x-2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 3: The second equation is already in slope-intercept form.
[latex]\begin{array}{c}\hfill y=\frac{3}{2}x-2\end{array}[/latex]
Since the slopes are the same, they have the same slope and same [latex]y[/latex]-intercept and so the lines are coincident.
A system of equations whose graphs are coincident lines has infinitely many solutions and is consistent and dependent.
Try It
24) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}4x-5y=20\hfill \\ y=\frac{4}{5}x-4\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
infinitely many solutions, consistent, dependent
25) Without graphing, determine the number of solutions and then classify the system of equations.
[latex]\{\begin{array}{c}-2x-4y=8\hfill \\ y=-\frac{1}{2}x-2\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Solution
infinitely many solutions, consistent, dependent
Solve Applications of Systems of Equations by Graphing
We will use the same problem solving strategy we used in Math Models to set up and solve applications of systems of linear equations. We’ll modify the strategy slightly here to make it appropriate for systems of equations.
HOW TO
Use a problem solving strategy for systems of linear equations.
- Read the problem. Make sure all the words and ideas are understood.
- Identify what we are looking for.
- Name what we are looking for. Choose variables to represent those quantities.
- Translate into a system of equations.
- Solve the system of equations using good algebra techniques.
- Check the answer in the problem and make sure it makes sense.
- Answer the question with a complete sentence.
Step 5 is where we will use the method introduced in this section. We will graph the equations and find the solution.
Example 4.1.12
Sondra is making [latex]10[/latex] quarts of punch from fruit juice and club soda. The number of quarts of fruit juice is [latex]4[/latex] times the number of quarts of club soda. How many quarts of fruit juice and how many quarts of club soda does Sondra need?
Solution
Step 1: Read the problem.
Step 2: Identify what we are looking for.
We are looking for the number of quarts of fruit juice and the number of quarts of club soda that Sondra will need.
Step 3: Name what we are looking for. Choose variables to represent those quantities.
Let [latex]f=[/latex] number of quarts of fruit juice.
Let [latex]c=[/latex] number of quarts of club soda
Step 4: Translate into a system of equations.
[latex]\text{The}\;\underbrace{\text{number of quarts of fruit juice}}_{f}\;\underbrace{\text{and}}_{+}\;\text{the}\;\underbrace{\text{number of quarts of club soda}}_{c}\;\underbrace{\text{is}\;10}_{=10}[/latex]
[latex]\text{The}\;\underbrace{\text{number of quarts of fruit juice}}_{f}\;\underbrace{\text{is}}_{=}\;\underbrace{\text{four times the number of quarts of club soda}}_{4c}[/latex]
We now have the system. [latex]\{\begin{array}{c}f+c=10\hfill \\ f=4c\hfill \end{array}[/latex]
Step 5: Solve the system of equations using good algebra techniques.
The point of intersection [latex](2, 8)[/latex] is the solution. This means Sondra needs [latex]2[/latex] quarts of club soda and [latex]8[/latex] quarts of fruit juice.
Step 6: Check the answer in the problem and make sure it makes sense.
Does this make sense in the problem?
Yes, the number of quarts of fruit juice, [latex]8[/latex] is [latex]4[/latex] times the number of quarts of club soda, [latex]2[/latex].
Yes, [latex]10[/latex] quarts of punch is [latex]8[/latex] quarts of fruit juice plus [latex]2[/latex] quarts of club soda.
Step 7: Answer the question with a complete sentence.
Sondra needs [latex]8[/latex] quarts of fruit juice and [latex]2[/latex] quarts of soda.
Try It
26) Manny is making [latex]12[/latex] quarts of orange juice from concentrate and water. The number of quarts of water is [latex]3[/latex] times the number of quarts of concentrate. How many quarts of concentrate and how many quarts of water does Manny need?
Solution
Manny needs [latex]3[/latex] quarts juice concentrate and [latex]9[/latex] quarts water.
27) Alisha is making an [latex]18[/latex] ounce coffee beverage that is made from brewed coffee and milk. The number of ounces of brewed coffee is [latex]5[/latex] times greater than the number of ounces of milk. How many ounces of coffee and how many ounces of milk does Alisha need?
Solution
Alisha needs [latex]15[/latex] ounces of coffee and [latex]3[/latex] ounces of milk.
Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with solving systems of equations by graphing.
Key Concepts
- To solve a system of linear equations by graphing
- Graph the first equation.
- Graph the second equation on the same rectangular coordinate system.
- Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.
- Identify the solution to the system.
If the lines intersect, identify the point of intersection. Check to make sure it is a solution to both equations. This is the solution to the system.
If the lines are parallel, the system has no solution.
If the lines are the same, the system has an infinite number of solutions. - Check the solution in both equations.
- Determine the number of solutions from the graph of a linear system
Graph Number of solutions 2 intersecting lines 1 Parallel lines None Same line Infinitely many - Determine the number of solutions of a linear system by looking at the slopes and intercepts
Number of Solutions of a Linear System of Equations Slopes Intercepts Type of Lines Number of Solutions Different Intersecting 1 point Same Different Parallel No solution Same Same Coincident Infinitely many solutions - Determine the number of solutions and how to classify a system of equations
Lines Intersecting Parallel Coincident Number of solutions 1 point No colution Infinitely many Consistent/Inconsistent Consistent Inconsistent Consistent Dependent/Independent Independent Independent Dependent - Problem Solving Strategy for Systems of Linear Equations
- Read the problem. Make sure all the words and ideas are understood.
- Identify what we are looking for.
- Name what we are looking for. Choose variables to represent those quantities.
- Translate into a system of equations.
- Solve the system of equations using good algebra techniques.
- Check the answer in the problem and make sure it makes sense.
- Answer the question with a complete sentence.
Self Check
After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.
What does this checklist tell you about your mastery of this section? What steps will you take to improve?
Glossary
- coincident lines
- Coincident lines are lines that have the same slope and same [latex]y[/latex]-intercept.
- consistent system
- A consistent system of equations is a system of equations with at least one solution.
- dependent equations
- Two equations are dependent if all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of the other equation.
- inconsistent system
- An inconsistent system of equations is a system of equations with no solution.
- independent equations
- Two equations are independent if they have different solutions.
- solutions of a system of equations
- Solutions of a system of equations are the values of the variables that make all the equations true. A solution of a system of two linear equations is represented by an ordered pair [latex](x, y)[/latex].
- system of linear equations
- When two or more linear equations are grouped together, they form a system of linear equations.
When two or more linear equations are grouped together, they form a system of linear equations.
Solutions of a system of equations are the values of the variables that make all the equations true. A solution of a system of two linear equations is represented by an ordered pair (x, y).
Coincident lines are lines that have the same slope and same y-intercept.
An inconsistent system of equations is a system of equations with no solution.
A consistent system of equations is a system of equations with at least one solution.
Two equations are independent if they have different solutions.
Two equations are dependent if all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of the other equation.