7.4 Conclusion
Respiratory failure is a complex and critical condition that occurs when the respiratory system fails to adequately fulfill its primary function of providing oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. We have examined the two main types of respiratory failure: hypoxemic and hypercapnic. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood, often due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch or diffusion abnormalities. Hypercapnic respiratory failure, on the other hand, is characterized by elevated carbon dioxide levels, typically resulting from inadequate alveolar ventilation.
We have discussed various underlying conditions that can lead to respiratory failure, including chronic lung diseases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), neuromuscular disorders, and chest wall abnormalities. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of respiratory failure is crucial for prompt diagnosis and initiation of appropriate interventions.
The management of respiratory failure involves addressing the underlying cause, ensuring adequate oxygenation, and optimizing ventilation. Oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation, and mechanical ventilation may be utilized at different stages depending on the severity and specific needs of each patient. Close monitoring, frequent assessment and recognition of increased work of breathing, and ongoing adjustment of treatment strategies, ranging from oxygen therapy to mechanical ventilation, are essential to optimize patient outcomes.
Review the following measurements discussed in this chapter:
| Physiological measurement |
Normal Value |
Intervention required |
|---|---|---|
| [latex]\text{PaCO}_2\text{ (mmHg)}[/latex] | [latex]35\text{ - }45[/latex] | [latex]>55[/latex] |
| [latex]\text{pH}[/latex] | [latex]7.35\text{ - }7.45[/latex] | [latex]<7.20[/latex] |
| [latex]\text{Tidal Volume (mL/Kg IBW)}[/latex] | [latex]6\text{ - }8[/latex] | [latex]<5[/latex] |
| [latex]\text{Vital capacity (mL/Kg)}[/latex] | [latex]65\text{ - }75[/latex] | [latex]<10[/latex] |
| [latex]\text{Respiratory rate (br/min)}[/latex] | [latex]12\text{ - }20[/latex] | [latex]>35[/latex] |
| [latex]\text{Maximum Inspiratory pressure (MIP)}[/latex] | [latex]-180\text{ - }100[/latex] | [latex]>20[/latex] |
| [latex]V_D/V_T[/latex] | [latex]0.25\text{ - }0.40[/latex] | [latex]>0.6[/latex] |
