4.4 BiPAP (NIV)

The term Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) also is fairly self-explanatory. “Bi” means two, and you already know that “PAP” refers to positive airway pressure. Therefore, BiPAP is the application of two separate pressures to the patient via the circuit-and-mask interface. Just as the name suggests, it is “biphasic,” or unfolding in two phases: inspiration and expiration. In BiPAP, the pressure starts at a baseline pressure (similar to CPAP) that remains throughout inspiration and expiration. Where BiPAP differs from CPAP is when the patient starts to initiate a breath: BiPAP changes to a higher pressure where CPAP stays constant.

 

A woman wearing scrubs sits upright on a hospital bed, with a BiPAP mask on.
“BiPAP using a Ventilator” by James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 4.0. BiPAP is the NIV method that is used in hospitals when indicated for a patient.

The most significant difference between CPAP and BiPAP centers around the supportive inspiratory pressure that BiPAP can deliver. By helping augment the patient’s natural tidal volume, BiPAP allows the patient to exhale more carbon dioxide. Similar to invasive mechanical ventilation, BiPAP can aid in correcting high CO2 from respiratory failure. Since BiPAP contributes to the clearance of CO2, it is a method of ventilation. BiPAP can also be referred to as non-invasive ventilation or NIV.

The term CPAP is often referred to when discussing non-invasive therapies while PEEP is the similar term used for invasive mechanical ventilation.

Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP)

BiPAP or NIV senses that the patient is starting their inspiration and bumps up the pressure to a higher set pressure. At the end of inspiration, as the patient exhales, the pressure drops back down to the baseline lower pressure. Similar to CPAP, the patient breathes against the lower pressure, benefiting from the “splinting” effect and contributing to lung recruitment. The lower pressure is referred to as the Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (EPAP). The inspiratory phase with the higher pressure helps facilitate the delivery of a larger breath than the patient would have been able to take on their own—it helps “push” the air into the patient’s lungs.

Key Takeaway

Application of pressure to the lungs is the same as applying a volume of air. Increasing the pressure at the higher level will help the lungs inflate to a larger volume and help with the clearance of CO2.

NIV is similar to pressure support (PSV) during invasive ventilation. The higher pressure is referred to as Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP). The higher the pressure delivered, the larger augmentation that is seen in the patient’s breath. In a way, BiPAP/NIV can be seen as the non-invasive version of PSV. Many of the same rules apply. A patient must have an intact drive to breathe and must be actively involved in triggering a breath so NIV can kick up to the higher pressure. PSV helps augment the patient’s normal tidal volume, but allows the patient to control how long they breathe in and the ending of inspiration. NIV is the same way.

Let’s compare PSV and NIV, with the following table:

 

Table 4.4.1: PSV and NIV Comparison
PSV NIV
Invasive/Non-invasive Invasive (ETT) Non-Invasive (mask)
Needs an intact drive to breath Yes Yes
Patient triggered assisted breaths Yes Yes
Constant pressure at the end of the breath delivered PEEP EPAP
Pressure delivered when breath initiated PS IPAP
Patient controls the length of inspiration and breath cycling Yes Yes

Key Takeaway

BiPAP is the application of two different levels of pressure. There is a lower pressure that is there during expiration (EPAP) and then the pressure increases to a higher level during inspiration (IPAP). These two pressures remain constant and vary up and down based on the ventilator sensing inspiration and expiration. The IPAP and EPAP will not change unless the clinician increases or decreases the pressures set. The EPAP may help oxygenation by methods of lung recruitment or opening collapsed airways. The IPAP is able to help improve the clearance of CO2 by augmenting each breath the patient is taking and by increasing the tidal volume, allowing more CO2 clearance with every breath.

“BiPAP (NIV)” from Basic Principles of Mechanical Ventilation by Melody Bishop, © Sault College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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