11.0 Learning Objectives

In this chapter, students will learn how to:

• Identify the two primary components used to classify stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram.
• Compare and contrast the spectral lines observed in the spectra of very hot, intermediate, and very cool stars, explaining the differences in line strengths and types of elements present.
• Define the stages of stellar evolution and explain the factors that determine the lifetime of a star and how the rate of fusion changes as the star evolves.
• Compare and contrast the evolution of low-mass stars and massive stars in terms of nuclear fusion reactions and element synthesis.
• Assess the impact of supernova explosions on the universe, including their role in synthesizing heavy elements and distributing them throughout space, and their influence on stellar and galactic evolution.
• Discuss the life cycle and evolution of neutron stars and pulsars.
• Summarize the main characteristics of a black hole, including its formation, size, and the behavior of matter falling into it.