# 5.3 Exchange Rates and Currency Exchange

### The Fundamental Currency Exchange Relationship

Follow the ratio $\text{new currency}:\text{original currency}$ and set up the proportion accordingly, then solve for the unknown value:

$\text{exchange rate}_{orig \to new}:{1}={\text{new currency amt}}:{\text{original currency amt}}$

This can be rewritten as

$\text{new currency amt}=({\text{exchange rate}}_{orig \to new})({\text{original currency amt}})$

Currencies, exchange rates, and currency cross-tables all raise issues regarding decimals and financial fees.

1. Decimals in Currencies. Not all currencies in the world have decimals. Here in North America, MXN$, US$, and C$have two decimals. Mexicans call those decimals centavos while Canadians and Americans call them cents. Australia and the European countries using the euro also have cents. However, the Japanese yen does not have any decimals in its currency. If you are unsure about the usage of decimals, perform a quick Internet search to clarify the issue. 2. Financial Fees. Technically, the rates in a cross-rate table are known as mid-rates. A mid-rate is an exchange rate that does not involve or provide for any charges for currency conversion. When you convert currencies, you need to involve a financial organization, which will charge for its services. 3. Sell Rates. When you go to a bank and convert your domestic money to a foreign currency, the bank charges you a sell rate, which is the rate at which a foreign currency is sold. When you exchange your money, think of this much like a purchase at a store—the bank’s product is the foreign currency and the price it charges is marked up to its selling price. The sell rate is always higher than the mid-rate in terms of C$ per unit of foreign currency and thus is always lower than the mid-rate in terms of foreign currency per unit of C$. For example, the exchange rate of US$ to C$is 1.2468. This means it will cost you C$1.2468 to purchase US$1.00. The bank, though, will sell you this money for a sell rate that is higher, say$1.2470. This means it will cost you an extra C$0.02 per US$ to exchange the money. That $0.02 difference is the fee from the bank for its services, and it is how the bank makes a profit on the transaction. 4. Buy Rates. When you go to a bank and convert your foreign currency back into your domestic money, the bank charges you a buy rate, which is the rate at which a foreign currency is purchased. The buy rate is always lower than the mid-rate in terms of C$ per unit of foreign currency and thus is always higher than the mid-rate in terms of foreign currency per unit of C$. Using the same example as above, if you want to take your US$1.00 to the bank and convert it back to Canadian funds, the bank charges you a buy rate that is lower, say $0.7904. In other words, you receive C$0.02 less per US$. Again, the$0.02 difference is the bank’s fee for making the currency exchange on your behalf.

#### How It Works

This section opened with your backpacking vacation to the United States, Mexico, and Europe, for which you were quoted prices of US$1,980, MXN$21,675, and €1,400 for hostels. Assume all purchases are made with your credit card and that your credit card company charges 2.5% on all currency exchanges. Can your C6,000 budget cover these costs? Can the budget cover the cost? We need total cost of purchases. Canadian to US: $1:0.7906=\text{amount in C\}:\text{amount in US\}$ \begin{align*} \Rightarrow \text{amount in US\}&=0.7906(\text{amount in C\})\\ \Rightarrow (\text{amount in C\})&=\frac{ \text{amount in US\}}{0.7906}\\ &=\frac{ 1980}{0.7906}\\ &=C\ 2,504.43\\ \end{align*} Canadian to Mexican: $1:16.1812=\text{amount in C\}:\text{amount in MXN\}$ \begin{align*} \Rightarrow \text{amount in MXN\}&=16.1812(\text{amount in C\})\\\\ \Rightarrow (\text{amount in C\})&=\frac{ \text{amount in MXN\}}{16.1812}\\\\ &=\frac{ 21675}{16.1812}\\\\ &=C\ 1,339.52\\\\ \end{align*} Canadian to euros: $1:16.1812=\text{amount in C\}:\text{amount in €}$ \begin{align*} \Rightarrow \text{amount in €}&=0.6818(\text{amount in C\})\\\\ \Rightarrow (\text{amount in C\})&=\frac{ \text{amount in €}}{0.6818}\\\\ &=\frac{ 1400}{0.6818}\\\\ &=C\ 2,053.39 \\\\ \end{align*} Putting the three amounts together, together with the 2.5% credit card charge on exchange, your total hostel bill is: $(1+0.025)(2504.43 + 1339.52 + 2053.39) = \6,044.77$ Because this is over budget by C44.77, you will have to adjust your vacation plans.

Note: Instead of going Canadian dollars to other currency, we could have gone other currency to Canadian dollars. In that case we would have used the inverse values from the cross rates table and our ratios would be different. Try it out!

### Things To Watch Out For

When working with currency exchange, probably the trickiest element is that you have to choose one of two inverse exchange rates depending on which way the money conversion is taking place. In any currency situation, it is important that you take the time to understand the basis on which the currency rate is being expressed. Typically, exchange rates are expressed on a per-unit basis in the country’s domestic currency. For example, Canadians express the US dollar exchange rate on a per C$basis. From the cross-rate table, that exchange rate is 1.0218. In contrast, Americans express the Canadian dollar exchange rate on a per US$ basis, or 0.9787.

### Paths To Success

Let the buyer beware when it comes to international transactions. If you have ever purchased and returned an item to an international seller, you may have noticed that you did not receive all of your money back. For most consumers, international purchases are made via credit cards. What most consumers do not know is that the credit card companies do in fact use buy and sell rates that typically charge 2.5% of the exchange rate when both buying and selling.

For example, if you purchase a US$2,000 item at the rates listed in the cross-rate table, your credit card is charged$2,000 × 0.9787(1.025) = $2,006.40. If you return an item you do not want, your credit card is refunded$2,000 × 0.9787(0.975) = $1,908.40. In other words, you are out$2,006.40 − $1,908.40 =$98! This amount represents your credit card company’s charge for the currency conversion—a whopping 4.9% of your purchase price!

#### Give It Some Thought

1. In each of the following situations and using the cross-rate table, determine on a strictly numerical basis whether you would have more or fewer units of the target currency than of the original currency. You want to convert:
1. C$into US$
2. AU$into MXN$
3. MXN$into ¥ 4. C$ into €

#### Example 5.3 A: Straight Currency Conversion

Strictly using the mid-rates from the cross-rate table presented earlier, if you wanted to convert C$1,500 into MXN$ for your spring break vacation in Cancun, Mexico, how many Mexican pesos would you have?

Canadian to Mexican: $1:16.1812=\text{amount in C\}:\text{amount in MXN\}$

\begin{align*} \Rightarrow \text{amount in MXN\}&=16.1812(\text{amount in C\})\\\\ &={16.1812}\cdot 1500\\\\ &=\text{MXN\ } 24,271.80\\\\ \end{align*}

#### Example 5.3 B: Calculating Profit Using Buy and Sell Rates

A Mexican manufacturer imports its parts from Canada and assembles its product in Mexico, then exports some of the finished product back to Canada to sell at retail. Suppose the total cost of the imported parts, purchased and paid for in Canadian funds, is C$5.50 per unit, assembly costs are MXN$24.54 per unit, and expenses are MXN$4.38 per unit. If the product is exported back to Canada at a selling price of C$9.95 (for which its Canadian customers pay in Canadian funds), what is the total profit in Mexican pesos on 10,000 units? The manufacturer’s financial institution charges a sell rate 2% higher than the mid-rate and has a buy rate that is 3% lower than the mid-rate. Use the mid-rates from the cross-rate table.

Answer: total profit in Mexican pesos on 10,000 units?

$\text{profit in MXN\} = \text{revenue in MXN\}- \text{cost in MXN\}$

Since ${\text{new currency amount}}=({\text{exchange rate}}_{orig \to new})({\text{original currency amt}})$

we have $\text{amount in MXN\}=(\text{exchange rate}_{C\to MXN}) (\text{amount in C\})$

Sell rate from MXN$to C$: 2% on mid-rate = (1+0.02)(mid-rate)

Buy rate from C$to MXN$: 3% on mid-rate = (1-0.03)(mid-rate)

Let’s consider the revenue. Here the Canadian currency revenues are reduced by the financial institution’s conversion fee, so buy rate is applied.

\begin{align*} \text{revenue in MXN\} &= (\text{selling price in MXN\})(\text{number of units})\\\\ &=(\text{buy rate})(\text{selling price in C\})(\text{number of units})\\\\ &=(1-0.03)(16.1812)(9.95)(10000)\\\\ &=\text{MXN\ } 1,561,728.52 \end{align*}

Let’s consider the cost. Here the Canadian currency costs are increased by the financial institution’s conversion fee, so sell rate is applied.

\begin{align*} \text{cost in MXN\} &=(\text{import unit cost in MXN\}+\text{assembly unit cost in MXN\}+ \text{unit expenses in MXN\})(\text{# units})\\\\ &=(\text{sell rate})(\text{selling price in C\}+\text{assembly unit cost in MXN\}+\text{unit expenses in MXN\})(\text{# units})\\\\ &=((1+0.02)(16.1812)(5.50)+24.54+4.38)(10000)\\\\ &=\text{MXN\ } 1,196,965.32 \end{align*}

Therefore, the total profit is

\begin{align*} \text{profit in MXN\} &= \text{revenue in MXN\}- \text{cost in MXN\}\\\\ &=1,561,728.52-1,196,965.32\\\\ &=\text{MXN\ }364,763.20 \end{align*}

## Currency Appreciation and Depreciation

An analyst on Global News is discussing how the Canadian dollar has strengthened against the US dollar. Your first reaction is that a strong Canadian dollar ought to be good thing, so hearing that this change might hurt Canada’s exports, you wonder how that could be.

Currencies are actively traded in the international marketplace, which means that exchange rates are changing all the time. As such, exchange rates rise and decline. A currency appreciates (or strengthens) relative to another currency when it is able to purchase more of that other currency than it could previously. A currency depreciates (or weakens) relative to another currency when it is able to purchase less of that other currency than it could previously. Take a look at two examples illustrating these concepts:

• EXAMPLE 1: If C$1 buys US$1.02 and the exchange rate rises to US$1.03, then your C$1 purchases an additional penny of the US dollars. Therefore, the Canadian currency appreciates, or strengthens, relative to the US dollar.
• EXAMPLE 2: Similarly, if the exchange rate drops to US$1.01, then your C$1 purchases one less penny of the US dollars. Therefore, the Canadian currency depreciates, or weakens, relative to the US dollar.

These concepts are particularly important to international business and global economies. Generally speaking, when a currency appreciates, it has a positive effect on imports from the other country because it costs less money than it used to for domestic companies to purchase the same amount of products from the other country. However, the currency appreciation tends to also have a negative effect on exports to other countries because it costs the foreign companies more money to purchase the same amount of products from the domestic companies.

### Important Notes

It is critical to observe that if currency A appreciates relative to currency B, then the opposite is true for currency B relative to currency A (currency B depreciates relative to currency A). The figure to the right illustrates this concept. Recalling Example 1 above, the Canadian currency appreciated, so the US currency depreciated. In Example 2, the Canadian currency depreciated, so the US currency appreciated.

### How It Works

When you work with currency appreciation or depreciation, you still use the same basic steps as before. The additional skill you require in the first step is to adjust an exchange rate appropriately based on how it has appreciated or depreciated.

### Things To Watch Out For

It is very easy to confuse the two relative currencies, their values, and the concepts of appreciation and depreciation. For example, if the exchange rate increases between currency A relative to a unit of currency B, which exchange rate appreciated? If currency A has increased per unit of currency B, then it takes more money of currency A to buy one unit of currency B. As a result, currency B appreciates because a single unit of currency B can now buy more of currency A. For example, if the exchange rate is US$1.0218 relative to C$1 and it increases to US$1.0318 relative to C$1, then the Canadian dollar purchases one penny more. The figure helps you understand the relationships involved and provides a visual reminder of which direction everything is moving.

#### Give It Some Thought

1. Consider the relationship in relative change between currencies in relation to their appreciation and depreciation in the following examples.
1. If the exchange rate in terms of US dollars per unit of euros increases, which currency weakened?
2. If the Australian dollar weakens against the Canadian dollar, did the exchange rate increase or decrease in terms of Australian dollars per unit of Canadian dollars?
3. If the exchange rate in terms of yen per unit of the Mexican pesos decreases, which currency weakened?
4. If the British pound (£) appreciates against the US dollar, did the exchange rate increase or decrease in terms of pounds per unit of US dollars?

#### Example 5.3 C: Effect of Currency Appreciation

A Canadian manufacturer requires parts from the United States. It purchases from its supplier in lots of 100,000 units at a price of US$7.25 per unit. Since the last time the manufacturer made a purchase, the Canadian dollar has appreciated 0.0178 from the previous mid-rate of US$1.0218 per C$. If the sell rate is 1.5% above the mid-rate, how have the manufacturer’s costs changed? Answer: change in cost in C$ = ? = original cost in C$– new cost in C$

Let’s consider original cost in C$. Here we have the original rate of C$ : US$= 1 : 1.0218. Also, the manufacturer is buying the US currency to buy the product in US$, so sell rate applies: sell rate = (1+0.015)( orig. mid-rate).

Since

${\text{new currency amount}}=({\text{exchange rate}}_{orig \to new})({\text{original currency amt}})$

we have

${\text{US\ amount}}=({\text{orig. sell rate}}_{C \to US})({\text{C\ amount}})$

Therefore,

\begin{align*} \text{C\ amount}&=\frac{\text{US\ amount}}{{\text{orig. sell rate}}_{C \to US}}\\\\ &=\frac{7.25\cdot 100000}{(1+0.015)\cdot 1.0218}\\\\ &=\text{C\ }699\,046.50 \end{align*}

Let’s now consider the new cost in C. We will again have to apply the sell rate, but this time the exchange rate has appreciated by 0.0178. Therefore, \begin{align*} \text{C\ amount}&=\frac{\text{US\ amount}}{{\text{new sell rate}}_{C \to US}}\\\\ &=\frac{7.25\cdot 100000}{(1+0.015)\cdot (1.0218+0.0178)}\\\\ &=\text{C\ }687\,077.45 \end{align*} So we can see that, due to the appreciation of Canadian dollar, the manufacturer has its input costs decrease by11,969.05 since C$1 now purchases more US$.

#### Give it a Thought Answers

1. a. More, since C$1 becomes US$1.0218; b. More, since AU$1 becomes MXN$12.5814; c. More, since MXN$1 becomes ¥6.7540; d. Less, since C$1 becomes €0.7137
2. a. US dollars; b. Increase; c.  Mexican pesos; d. Decrease

## Exercises

For questions 1–6, use the mid-rates in the cross-rate table below to convert the current currency to the desired currency.

 Per C$Per US$ Per € Per ¥ Per MXN$Per AU$ Canadian Dollar (C$) —— 0.9787 1.4012 0.0122 0.0823 1.0360 US Dollar (US$) 1.0218 —— 1.4317 0.0125 0.0841 1.0585 Euro (€) 0.7137 0.6985 —— 0.0087 0.0588 0.7394 Japanese Yen (¥) 82.0233 80.2765 114.9287 —— 6.7540 84.9747 Mexican Peso (MXN$) 12.1445 11.8859 17.0165 0.1481 —— 12.5814 Australian Dollar (AU$) 0.9652 0.9447 1.3525 0.0118 0.0795 ——

### Mechanics

 Current Currency Desired Currency 1. C$68,000 US$ 2. ¥15,000,000 € 3. AU$3,000 MXN$ 4. US$180,000 AU$ 5. €230,500 C$6. MXN$1,300,000 ¥

### Applications

1. If the exchange rate is ¥95.3422 per C$, what is the exchange rate for C$ per ¥?
2. Procter & Gamble just received payment for a large export of Tide in the amount of 275,000 Denmark kroner (DKK). If the exchange mid-rate is C$0.1992 per DKK, and the bank charges 3% on its buy rates, how many Canadian dollars will Procter & Gamble receive? 3. The exchange rate per US$ is C$0.9863. If the Canadian dollar depreciates by$0.0421 per US$, how many more or less US$ is C$12,500 able to purchase? 4. Jack is heading home to visit his family in Great Britain and decided to stop at the airport kiosk to convert his money. He needs to convert C$5,000 to British pounds (£). The exchange mid-rate per C$is £0.5841. The kiosk charges a commission of 4.5% on the conversion, plus a flat fee of £5.00. 1. How many pounds will Jack have? 2. What is the percentage cost of his transaction? 1. Yarianni is heading on a vacation. She converts her C$4,000 into Chinese yuan renminbi (CNY) at a sell rate of CNY6.3802 per C$. While in China, she spends CNY14,000 of her money. At the airport, she converts her remaining money into Indian rupees (INR) at a sell rate of INR6.7803 per CNY. In India, she spends INR50,000. When she returns home, she converts her INR back to C$ at a buy rate of C$0.0231 per INR. How many Canadian dollars did she return with? Note that all currencies involved have two decimals. 2. Elena is an international investor. Four years ago she purchased 2,700 shares of a US firm at a price of US$23.11 per share when the exchange rate was US$0.7536 per C$. Today, she sold those shares at a price of US$19.87 per share when the exchange rate was US$1.0063 per C$. In Canadian dollars, determine how much money Elena earned or lost on her investment. 3. International Traders regularly imports products from Hong Kong. If the exchange rate of C$ per Hong Kong dollar (HKD) is 0.1378 and the Canadian dollar appreciates by HKD0.0128, by what amount would the cost of a HKD1,000,000 purchase increase or decrease in Canadian dollars for International Traders?
4. Brian needs to purchase some Brazilian reals (BRL). He takes C$7,500 to the bank and leaves the bank with BRL12,753.20. If the exchange mid-rate per C$ is 1.7621, determine the sell rate commission percentage (rounded to two decimals) charged by the bank.

### Challenge, Critical Thinking, & Other Applications

1. Fernando could purchase a 55″ Samsung HDTV in Winnipeg, Manitoba, for $2,999.99 plus taxes. Alternatively, he could head across the border on Black Friday and shop in Grand Forks, North Dakota, where the same product is selling for US$2,499.99 (plus 5% state sales tax and 1.75% local sales tax) at Best Buy. He estimates he would incur $65 in gasoline and vehicle wear and tear,$130 in accommodations, and $25 in food (all money in US$). He would make all purchases on his credit card, which uses the mid-rate plus 2.5%. When returning across the border, he would have to pay in Canadian dollars the 5% GST on the Canadian value of the HDTV not including taxes. Once home, he can then have the North Dakota government refund all taxes paid on the HDTV through their Canadian sales tax rebate program. For all currency exchanges, assume a mid-rate of US$0.9222 per C$. Which alternative is Fernando’s better choice and by how much?
2. The current mid-rate is C$1.5832 per €. Scotiabank has a sell rate of C$1.6196 per € while an airport kiosk has a sell rate of C$1.6544 per € plus a service charge of C$4.75. You need to purchase €800.
1. Calculate the fee percentages charged by each financial institution. Round your answers to one decimal.
2. Rounded to two decimals, what percentage more than Scotiabank is the airport kiosk charging on your purchase?
1. Henri and Fran have retired and are considering two options for a two-month vacation in Europe. Their local Lethbridge travel agent is offering them an all-inclusive package deal at C$7,975 per person. Alternatively, they can book their own flights for C$1,425 per person, stay in Britain at a small apartment averaging £65 per night for 30 days, and then in France for €70 average per night for 30 days. Estimated groceries cost a total of £250 in Britain and €400 in France. They will need to purchase a Eurail pass for €986 each while they are there. The exchange rates are €0.6808 per C$and £0.5062 per C$. Which alternative is their cheapest option and by how much in Canadian dollars?
2. A Canadian manufacturer imports three parts from different countries. It assembles the three parts into a finished item that is then exported to the United States. Every transaction always involves 25,000 units. Expenses average $6.25 per unit.  Component Price per unit Exchange rate last month per C$ Exchange rate this month per C$Part A ¥1,500 ¥107.9420 ¥108.9328 Part B AU$14.38 AU$1.1319 AU$1.0928 Part C €10.73 €0.6808 €0.6569 Finished product for export US$59.45 US$1.0128 US$1.0243 19. In each of the following situations, convert the old amount to the new amount using the information provided.  Old Amount Old Exchange Rate per C$ Exchange Rate Change New Amount a. US$625.00 US$0.9255 C$appreciated by US$0.0213 ? US$b. €16,232.00 €0.5839 C$ depreciated by €0.0388 ? € c. ¥156,500 ¥93.4598 C$depreciated by ¥6.2582 ? ¥ d. MXN$136,000 MXN$13.5869 C$ appreciated by MXN$0.4444 ? MXN$

20. Compare the following four situations and determine which one would result in the largest sum of money expressed in Canadian funds.

 Situation Amount Exchange Rate per C$a. 65,204 Algerian dinars (DZD) DZD65.5321 b. 1,807,852 Colombian pesos (COP) COP1,781.1354 c. 3,692 Israeli new shekels (ILS) ILS3.7672 d. 30,497 Thai baht (THB) THB30.4208 #### Key Takeaways Section 5.1: Sales Taxes (Everybody Wants a Piece of My Pie) • The three sales taxes, current rates, and how to calculate prices including taxes • How businesses complete GST/HST remittances Section 5.2: Property Taxes (I Owe, I Owe) • How municipalities levy mill rates and tax rates against real estate owners Section 5.3: Exchange Rates and Currency Exchange (It Is a Global World) • Converting currencies through exchange rates • The rise and decline of exchange rates: currency appreciation and depreciation ## The Language of Business Mathematics assessed value The portion of the market value of a property that is subject to municipal taxes. buy rate The rate at which a foreign currency is bought; it will always be lower than the mid-rate in terms of money per unit of foreign currency. cash discount A percentage of the balance owing on an invoice that can be deducted for payment received either in full or in part during the discount period. credit period The number of interest-free days from the date of commencement before full payment of the invoice is required. currency appreciation When one currency strengthens relative to another currency, resulting in an ability to purchase more of that other currency than it could previously. currency depreciation When one currency weakens relative to another currency, resulting in an ability to purchase less of that other currency than it could previously. date of commencement The first day from which the invoice terms extend forward in time and from which all due dates are established. discount period The number of days from the date of commencement for which a cash discount is offered. end-of-month invoice dating A term of payment where the date of commencement is the last day of the same month as indicated by the invoice date. exchange rate The number of units of a foreign currency that are bought with one unit of the domestic currency, or vice versa. GST The goods and services tax is a Canadian federal sales tax on most products purchased by businesses and consumers alike. HST The harmonized sales tax is a tax that combines the GST and PST into a single tax. market value A snapshot of the estimated selling price of a property at some specified point in time. mid-rate An exchange rate that does not involve or provide for any charges for currency conversion. mill rate A tax per$1,000 of assessed value to determine property taxes.

ordinary invoice dating A term of payment where the date of commencement is the same date as the invoice date.

property taxes Annual taxes paid by the owners of real estate to local levying authorities to pay for services such as roads, water, sewers, public schools, policing, fire departments, and other community services.

PST The provincial sales tax is a consumer sales tax administered by Canadian provinces and territories.

receipt-of-goods invoice dating A term of payment where the date of commencement is the day on which the customer physically receives the goods.

sales tax A percent fee levied by a government on the supply of products.

sell rate The rate at which a foreign currency is sold. It is always higher than the mid-rate in terms of money per unit of foreign currency.

tax policy A municipality-based percentage of the market value of a property that is used to convert the market value into an assessed value.

tax rate A tax per $100 of assessed value to determine property taxes. tax remittance The fulfillment of a tax obligation. #### The Formulas You Need to Know Symbols Used AV = assessed value of a property Current Currency = currency you are converting from Desired Currency = currency you are converting to Exchange Rate = per-unit conversion rate for current currency Property Tax = property tax amount PTR = property tax rate, usually set on a per$100 (tax rate) or per $1,000 (mill rate) basis Rate = sales tax Remit = tax remittance S = selling price Stax = selling price including taxes Tax Collected = total tax collected through sales Tax Paid = total tax paid through purchases ## Chapter 5 Review Exercises ### Mechanics 1. Suppose you own property with a market value of$412,000 in a municipality that has a 60% tax policy. What are your total property taxes if the mill rate is set at 15.4367?
2. Convert 140,000 Indian rupees (INR) to Belgian francs (BEF) if the exchange rate is BEF0.6590 per INR.
3. Calculate the price including taxes for a product that has a regular selling price of $995.95 in: a) Ontario b) Alberta c) Saskatchewan d)Prince Edward Island 4. An invoice for$15,000.00 dated February 16 of a leap year has terms of 3/15, 2/30. What payment in full is required if the payment is received on March 3?
5. The exchange rate is US$0.9063 per Canadian dollar. If over the course of a year the Canadian dollar appreciates by$0.0644 per C$, how many more or less US dollars are purchased with C$1,750?
6. A company recorded the following purchases and sales throughout the year. Assume all amounts are taxable.
 Quarter Purchases Sales 1st $2,138,450.25$1,444,297.93 2nd $3,496,821.15$4,989,201.01 3rd $1,265,733.49$6,422,604.19 4th $2,725,706.28$2,003,125.50
1. Calculate the GST remittance or refund per quarter.
2. Calculate the HST remittance or refund per quarter in Newfoundland and Labrador.
1. The assessed values in a municipality total $4.986 billion. If the city council needs an operating budget of$100 million, what mill rate should it set for its constituent property owners?
2. An invoice for $37,650 is dated June 24 with terms of 2/10, 1/30, ROG. Merchandise is received on June 29. If a payment of$20,000 is made on July 5 and another payment of $10,000 is made on July 26, what is the balance remaining on the invoice? Assume all payments are received on the dates indicated. 3. If the price including taxes for an item is$1,968.35 in Quebec, what is the dollar amount of each of the PST and GST on the item?
4. Obiwan is going on vacation to Slovakia and stops at a currency shop in his local airport. He needs to convert C$7,500 to the Slovakian koruna (SKK). The exchange mid-rate per C$ is 21.4624. The shop charges a commission of 6.5% on the conversion, plus a flat fee of C$15.75. How many koruna will Obiwan have? 5. A town in Saskatchewan has residential property values totalling$968 million in market value. The councillors have set the tax policy at 75% of market value. The following is a list of projected municipal expenditures in the coming year.
 Sewers & water $5,250,000 Public education$13,500,000 City services (fire, police, ambulance) $1,115,000 Roads & maintenance$3,300,000 Other $2,778,000 If the council expects to raise 85% of these expenditures from residential property taxes, what mill rate must it set? 1. What amount must be remitted if invoices dated January 25 for$1,700, February 1 for $1,800, and February 15 for$900, all with terms of 3/25, n/50, EOM are paid with the same cheque on March 12? Assume it is a non–leap year.
2. Many Canadians complain about the high cost of automobile gasoline. In the United States, regular grade gasoline costs approximately $3.652 per gallon (as of June 2011). 3. What is the equivalent Canadian cost per liter (rounded to three decimals) if the exchange rate is US$1.0152 per C$? A US gallon is equivalent to 3.7854 litres. 4. At the same time, Canadians were paying$1.239 per litre. What percentage more (rounded to two decimals in percent format) than Americans do Canadians pay?
5. An invoice for $13,398.25 dated August 27 with terms of 5/10, 2/25, n/45 was partially paid on September 7. If the invoice balance was reduced to$2,598.25, what was the amount of the payment? Assume the payment was received on the date indicated.

### Challenge, Critical Thinking, & Other Applications

1. In Saint-Lazare, Quebec, the average market value of a residential home in 2010 rose to $308,000 from its previous 2009 value of$262,000. The residential property tax rate was lowered from 2009 to 2010 by 9.8918% to 0.583. In Saint-Lazare, the tax policy is to tax 100% of the market value. By what percentage did the residential property tax bill go up or down in 2010 for a Saint-Lazare residential homeowner?
2. What percentage of a tax-inclusive price is each of the GST and PST in the following provinces?
3. Quebec
4. Manitoba
5. It is well known that airport kiosks are much more expensive for currency exchange than visiting a bank. The current mid-rate is $2.4226 Brazilian reals (BRL) per euro. The Banco do Brasil has a sell rate of BRL$2.4710 per euro, while a kiosk at Salvador airport has a sell rate of BRL$2.5473 per euro plus a flat service charge of BRL$3.00. A traveller through the airport wants to convert BRL$2,000 to euros. Assuming the traveller has the time, would it be worth the BRL$15.00 return taxi ride to the nearest bank to convert the currency? How many euros more would the best option present?
6. An invoice for $147,477.77 dated July 26 with terms of 5/15, 3½/25, 2/40, EOM was partially paid with two equal payments on August 10 and September 4, reducing the balance owing to$76,579.81. What amount was paid on each of the two dates? Assume the payment was received on the date indicated.
7. An American tourist is travelling across Canada and makes the following purchases on her credit card (all purchases are fully taxable):
 Total Purchase Amount before Taxes Province/Territory Purchased $319.95 British Columbia$114.75 Alberta $82.45 Northwest Territories$183.85 Manitoba $59.49 Quebec$123.99 Prince Edward Island

On the first purchase, the credit card company used an exchange rate of C$1.0412 per US$. Each subsequent purchase used an exchange rate that appreciated (for the US dollar) by 0.2% each time. What total amount in US dollars was charged to the traveler’s credit card?

1. A Canadian manufacturer imports 2,000 units of product worth US$262.25 each from an American supplier. These imports are subject to GST on the equivalent Canadian value of the product. All of the product is then sold for C$419.50 each to another Canadian distributor. The sale is subject to GST. Assume an exchange rate of US$0.9345 per C$. If the company needs to submit a GST remittance on this transaction, what amount is remitted or refunded?

## Chapter 5 Case Study: Completing Summary Financial Reports

##### The Situation

An accountant at Lightning Wholesale needs to summarize the GST remittances, costs of goods sold, and sales for 2013 by quarter. The table below presents the purchases (in US$) that it made from its American supplier, average monthly supplier cash discounts, total monthly sales (in C$), and the average monthly exchange rate appreciation or depreciation.

The data:

 Quarter Month 2013 Average 2013 C$Purchases in US$ Before Discounts Cash Discount Sales in C$Appreciation ( ) or Depreciation (−) Against US$ I January $2,021 2.00%$1,798 Start: 0.9423 February $2,200 3.00%$2,407 1.00% March $2,531 2.50%$2,568 –0.50% II April $2,623 1.50%$2,985 0.35% May $2,676 1.00%$3,114 –1.50% June $2,805 2.00%$3,242 1.75% III July $3,309 2.25%$3,306 1.00% August $4,146 2.00%$3,852 0.50% September $6,196 3.00%$4,815 –1.40% IV October $10,981 3.00%$7,222 –0.30% November $8,332 3.25%$12,839 0.90% December $1,520 1.75%$9,630 –0.75%

(all figures are in thousands of dollars)

##### Important Information
• The imported products require GST to be paid on the equivalent Canadian value of the imported goods before any discounts.
• All sales are subject to GST.
• Lightning Wholesale’s suppliers offer it various cash discounts, which the accounting department always takes advantage of. These discounts have not been deducted from the purchase amounts listed in the table.