6.4 Mortgages
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- Calculate mortgage payments for the initial term and renewal term.
- Calculate amortization periods to reflect changes in payment frequency.
- Calculate mortgage balances and amortization periods to reflect prepayments of principal.
A mortgage is a special type of loan that is collaterally secured by real estate. In essence, the loan has a lien against the property, which is the right to seize the property for the debt to be satisfied. An individual or business taking out a mortgage is obliged to pay back the amount of the loan with interest based on a predetermined contract. The lender, a bank, or some other financial institution, has a claim on the real estate property in the event that the mortgage goes into default, which means that it is not paid as per the agreement. In these instances, financial institutions will pursue foreclosure of the property, which allows for the tenants to be evicted and the property to be sold. The proceeds of the sale are then used to pay off the mortgage. A mortgage always involves two parties. The individual or business that borrows the money is referred to as the mortgagor, and the financial institution that lends the money is referred to as the mortgagee.
Types of Mortgages
In the mortgage contract, the two parties can agree to either a fixed interest rate or a variable interest rate. Either way, the mortgage always forms an ordinary annuity because interest is not payable in advance.
- Under a fixed interest rate, the principal is repaid through a number of equal payments that cover both the interest and principal components of the loan. The interest portion is highest at the beginning and gradually declines over the amortization period of the mortgage. In Canada, fixed interest rates are either annually or semi-annually compounded, with the latter being the prevailing choice.
- In a variable interest rate mortgage, the principal is repaid through an agreed-upon number of unequal payments that fluctuate with changes in borrowing rates. The principal and interest portions of the payment vary as interest rates fluctuate, meaning that the interest portion can rise at any point with any increase in rates. When rates change, a common practice in many financial institutions is to change the variable interest rate as of the first day of the next month. If the rate change does not coincide with a mortgage payment date, then the interest portion is calculated in a way similar to the procedure for a demand loan, where the exact number of days at the different rates must be determined. In Canada, variable interest rates are usually compounded monthly.
The mortgage agreement can be open or closed. An open mortgage has very few rules and it allows the mortgagor to pay off the debt in full or make additional prepayments at any given point in any amount without penalty. A closed mortgage has many rules that determine how the mortgage is to be paid. It does not allow the mortgager to pay off the debt in full until the loan matures. As a marketing tool, most closed mortgages have “top-up” options that allow the mortgagor to make additional payments (such as an additional 20% per year) against the mortgage without penalty. Any payments exceeding the maximums or early payment of the mortgage are penalized heavily, with a three-month minimum interest charge that could be increased up to a measure called the interest rate differential, which effectively assesses the bank’s loss and charges the mortgagor this full amount.
Calculating Mortgage Payments and Outstanding Balance
Previously, we learned how to calculate the payment for a loan and how to find the remaining balance on a loan after any payment is made. Because a mortgage is a special type of loan, we can use these same techniques on a mortgage.
EXAMPLE
A new home is purchased for $408,726 with a $50,000 down payment and a 25-year mortgage for the outstanding balance. The mortgage is repaid with monthly payments. The interest rate on the mortgage is fixed at 5.29% compounded semi-annually for a five year term.
- What is the size of the monthly payments?
- What is the balance on the mortgage at the end of the five year term?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the loan amount.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Loan Amount} & = & 408,726-50,000 \\ & = & \$358,726 \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
Step 2: Calculate the payment.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 25=300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]358,726[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]5.29[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$2,145.98[/latex]
The monthly mortgage payments are $2,145.98.
Step 3: Calculate the balance after five years. To find the balance after five years, enter the payment number that corresponds to the last payment made in year five. There are 12 payments a year, so the last payment made in year five is 60 (5×12). So, to find the balance after five years, set P1=60 and P2=60.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]358,726[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,145.98[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]5.29[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]60[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]60[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$318,927.89[/latex]
At the end of the five year term, the balance is $318,927.89.
NOTE
In the previous example, the payment is calculated based on the entire 25 year amortization period, and not the five year term. This is true for any mortgage. The payments are always calculated based on the assumption that the current interest rate will last for the entire amortization period, which determines the length of time over which the loan is repaid. The amortization period forms the basis for calculating the payment. The term has no effect on the payment calculation. The term dictates only the time frame during which the current mortgage arrangement (interest rate, payment frequency, type, and so on) remains in effect.
Renewing the Mortgage
When the term of a mortgage expires, the balance remaining becomes due in full. Typically the balance owing is still quite substantial, so the mortgage must be renewed. As discussed earlier, this means that the mortgagor assumes another mortgage, not necessarily with the same financial institution, and the amortization term is typically reduced by the length of the first term. The length of the second term of the mortgage then depends on the choice of the mortgagor. Other variables such as payment frequency and the interest rate may or may not change.
For example, assume a mortgage is initially taken out with a 25-year amortization period and a five-year term. After five years, the mortgage becomes due in full. Unable to pay it, the mortgagor renews the mortgage for the remaining 20-year amortization period, and also opts for a three-year term in assuming the new mortgage. When those three years are over, the mortgagor renews the mortgage for the remaining 17-year amortization period and again makes another term decision. This process repeats until the debt is ultimately paid off.
When the mortgage is renewed for another term, the interest rate or payment frequency may changed. Consequently, the payments on the mortgage will also change when the mortgage is renewed and the new term goes into affect. To find the new payment when the mortgage is renewed, calculate the payment using the remaining balance at the end of the previous term and the remaining time from the amortization period.
The steps to find the new payment upon renewal are:
- Calculate the original payment for the mortgage before the mortgage is renewed.
- Calculate the remaining balance at the end of the previous term.
- Calculate the new payment for the mortgage using the balance from the previous step as the loan amount (the present value), the remaining time on the amortization period, and incorporating any changes that occur in the new term, such as a new interest rate or change in payment frequency.
EXAMPLE
A $389,000 mortgage is repaid with monthly payments and amortized over 20 years. The interest rate for the first three year term is 4.9% compounded semi-annually. At the end of the three year term the mortgage is renewed at 5.85% compounded semi-annually. What is the size of the monthly payment when the mortgage is renewed?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the payment for the first term.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 20=240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]389,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]4.9[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$2,535.26[/latex]
The monthly mortgage payments are $2,535.26.
Step 2: Calculate the balance at the end of the three year term. To find the balance after three years, enter the payment number that corresponds to the last payment made in year three. There are 12 payments a year, so the last payment made in year three is 36 (3×12). So, to find the balance after three years, set P1=36 and P2=36.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]389,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,535.26[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]4.9[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]36[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]36[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$351,770.37[/latex]
At the end of the three year term, the balance is $351,770.37.
Step 3: Calculate the payments when the mortgage is renewed. The interest rate changes to 5.85% compounded semi-annually. The time used to find the new payments is based on the remaining amortization period. The original amortization period is 20 years and 3 years have past to get to the time of renewal, so the remaining amortization period is 20-3=17 years. The new payments are calculated using the new interest rate, 5.85% compounded semi-annually, the 17 years remaining on the amortization period, and the remaining balance, $351,770.37, from the end of the previous term.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 17=204[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]351,770.37[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]5.85[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$2,711.92[/latex]
The monthly payments when the mortgage is renewed are $2,711.92.
TRY IT
A $628,200 house is purchased for $100,000 down and monthly payments for 30 years. The interest rate for the first four year term is 6.49% compounded semi-annually.
- Calculate the monthly payments.
- What is the balance on the mortgage at the end of the four year term?
- If the mortgage is renewed at 6.19% compounded semi-annually, what is the size of the new monthly payments?
Click to see Solution
1. Calculate the monthly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 30=360[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]528,200[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]6.49[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$3,305.29[/latex]
2. Calculate the balance at the end of the four year term.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]360[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]528,200[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-3,305.29[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]6.49[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]48[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]48[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$501,665.54[/latex]
3. Calculate the new payment upon renewal.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 26=312[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]501,665.54[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]6.19[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$3,123.63[/latex]
Changing the Payment Frequency
Although monthly mortgage payments are the most common payment frequency, mortgages can be paid off with semi-monthly, bi-weekly, or weekly payments. By making more frequency payments, the mortgagor can reduce the amortization period and pay-off the mortgage faster.
To determine how much the amortization period is shortened by changing the payment frequency, calculate the amortization period for the new payment frequency and then calculate the difference in the two amortization periods.
EXAMPLE
A $280,000 mortgage at 5.3% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments of $1678 amortized over 25 years. How much shorter is the amortization period if weekly payments of $400 are made instead of the monthly payments?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the amortization period for the weekly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]280,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-400[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]5.3[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]52[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=1,211.952... \rightarrow 1,212 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
Convert (rounded UP) N to years and months.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{\mbox{rounded up }N}{P/Y} \\ & = & \frac{1,212}{52} \\ & = & 23.307... \\ & \rightarrow & 23 \mbox{ years} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.307... \times 12 \\ & = & 3.692... \\ & \rightarrow & 4 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The amortization period for the weekly payments is 23 years, 4 months.
Step 2: Calculate the difference in the amortization periods.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 25 \mbox{ years}-(23 \mbox{ years and } 4 \mbox{ months}) \\ & = & 1 \mbox { year and } 8 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
With the weekly payments, the amortization period is shortened by 1 year and 8 months.
TRY IT
A $300,000 mortgage at 4.7% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments of $1,925 for 20 years. How much shorter is the amortization period if bi-weekly payments of $1,000 are made instead of the monthly payments?
Click to see Solution
1. Calculate the amortization period for the bi-weekly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]300,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-1,000[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]4.7[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]26[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=430.370... \rightarrow 431 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{\mbox{rounded up }N}{P/Y} \\ & = & \frac{431}{26} \\ & = & 16.576... \\ & \rightarrow & 16 \mbox{ years} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.5769... \times 12 \\ & = & 6.923... \\ & \rightarrow & 7 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
2. Calculate the difference in the amortization periods.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 20 \mbox{ years}-(16 \mbox{ years and } 7 \mbox{ months}) \\ & = & 3 \mbox { year and } 5 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
With the bi-weekly payments, the amortization period is shortened by 3 year and 5 months.
Lump-Sum Payments
As noted above, closed mortgages allow the mortgagor to make extra payments, in addition to the regular periodic payments. Any extra payments applied to the mortgage are applied directly to the principal because the interest is paid by the regular periodic payment. Consequently, these extra payments allow the mortgagor to repay the mortgage sooner. What affect do these extra payments have on the amortization period? How much is the amortization period shortened by when extra payments are made?
One of these pre-payment options is to make a lump-sum payment. A lump-sum payment is simply a single amount of money applied to the mortgage. For example, you might make a $10,000 lump-sum payment to your mortgage at the end of the sixth year. This means that at the end of the sixth year of the amortization period, you pay $10,000 to the mortgage principal. What affect does this have on the amount of time it takes to re-pay the mortgage?
To calculate how much the amortization period is shortened by when a lump-sum payment is applied:
- Find any missing information about the mortgage. For example, you might have to calculate out the payment or the number of payments, depending on what information is missing.
- Calculate the balance on the mortgage at the time the lump-sum payment is made.
- Subtract the lump-sum payment from the balance found in step 2. This amount becomes the remaining balance on the mortgage.
- Calculate the number of regular periodic payments required to pay-off the balance found in step 3.
- Calculate the difference between the number of payments without the lump-sum payment applied and the number of payments with the lump-sum payment included.
- Convert the difference found in step 5 to years and months to find how much the amortization period is shortened by with the lump-sum payment included.
NOTE
The lump sum payment is NOT counted as one of the payments in step 4. The number of payments refers to the number of regularly scheduled periodic payments.
EXAMPLE
A $400,000 mortgage at 3.5% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 25 years. How much is the amortization period shortened by if a $15,000 lump-sum payment is made at the end of year five?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the monthly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 25=300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]400,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]3.5[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$1,997.08[/latex]
The monthly mortgage payments are $1,997.08.
Step 2: Calculate the balance at the end of five years (the time of the lump-sum payment). To find the balance after five years, enter the payment number that corresponds to the last payment made in year five. There are 12 payments a year, so the last payment made in year five is 60 (5×12). So, to find the balance after five years, set P1=60 and P2=60.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]400,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-1,997.08[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]3.5[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]60[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]60[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$345,120.01[/latex]
After five years, the balance is $345,120.01.
Step 3: Subtract the lump-sum payment from the balance found in the previous step.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}\mbox{New Balance} & = & 345,120.01-15,000 \\ & = & \$330,120.01 \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
Step 4: Calculate the number of payments needed to re-pay the new balance found in the previous step.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]330,120.01[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-1,997.08[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]3.5[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=225.263... \rightarrow 226 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
Step 5: Calculate the difference between the number of payments without the lump-sum payment and the number of payments with the lump-sum payment. There are 300 payments without the lump-sum payment applied. With the lump-sum payment applied, there are 60 payments before the lump-sum payment and 226 payment after. So with the lump-sum payment, there are a total of 226+60=286 payments.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 300-286 \\ & = & 14 \mbox { payments} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
With the lump-sum payment applied, it takes 14 fewer payments to pay-off the mortgage.
Step 6: Convert the difference found in the previous step to years and months.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{14}{12} \\ & = & 1.1666... \\ & \rightarrow & 1 \mbox{ year} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.16666... \times 12 \\ & = & 2 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The amortization period is shortened by 1 year and 2 months.
TRY IT
A $300,000 mortgage at 2.8% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 20 years. How much is the amortization period shortened by if a $10,000 lump-sum payment is made at the end of year four?
Click to see Solution
1. Calculate the monthly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]300,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]2.8[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$1,631.51[/latex]
2. Calculate the balance at the end of four years.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]300,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-1,631.51[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]2.8[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]48[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]48[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$252,555.63[/latex]
3. Subtract the lump-sum payment from the balance.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}\mbox{New Balance} & = & 252,555.63-10,000 \\ & = & \$242,555.63 \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
4. Calculate the number of payments needed to re-pay the new balance found in the previous step.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]242,555.63[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-1,631.51[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]2.8[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=182.530... \rightarrow 183 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
5. Calculate the difference between the number of payments and convert the difference to years and months.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 240-(48+183) \\ & = & 9 \mbox { payments} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{9}{12} \\ & = & 0.75 \\ & \rightarrow & 0 \mbox{ years} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.75 \times 12 \\ & = & 9 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The amortization period is shortened by 9 months.
Increasing the Amount of the Periodic Payment
Another one of the pre-payment options is to increase the periodic payment amount. For example, you might decide to increase your periodic payment by $10 at the end of the sixth year. This means that starting with the first payment in year seven, each of the periodic payments will be $10 higher. Because the interest was already paid by the original periodic payment amount, this extra $10 gest applied to the mortgage principal. What affect does this have on the amount of time it takes to re-pay the mortgage?
To calculate how much the amortization period is shortened by when the amount of the periodic payment is increased:
- Find any missing information about the mortgage. For example, you might have to calculate out the payment or the number of payments, depending on what information is missing.
- Calculate the balance on the mortgage at the time the payment is increased.
- Calculate the new payment by adding the payment increase to the original payment amount.
- Calculate the number of new periodic payments required to pay-off the balance found in step 2.
- Calculate the difference between the number of payments without the payment increase applied and the number of payments with the payment increase included.
- Convert the difference found in step 5 to years and months to find how much the amortization period is shortened by with the payment increase included.
EXAMPLE
A $375,000 mortgage at 3.1% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 20 years. How much is the amortization period shortened by if the payments are increased by $200 at the end of year eight?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the monthly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]12 \times 20=240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]375,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]3.1[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$2,094.82[/latex]
The monthly mortgage payments are $2,094.82.
Step 2: Calculate the balance at the end of eight years (the time of the payment increase). To find the balance after eight years, enter the payment number that corresponds to the last payment made in year eight. There are 12 payments a year, so the last payment made in year eight is 96 (8×12). So, to find the balance after eight years, set P1=96 and P2=96.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]240[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]375,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,094.82[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]3.1[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]96[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]96[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$251,916.89[/latex]
After eight years, the balance is $251,916.89.
Step 3: Add the payment increase to the payment to find the new payment amount.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}\mbox{New Payment} & = & 2,094.82+200 \\ & = & \$2,294.82 \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
Step 4: Calculate the number of payments needed to re-pay the balance found in step 2 with the new payment found in step 3.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]251,916.89[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,294.82[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]3.1[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=129.108... \rightarrow 130 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
Step 5: Calculate the difference between the number of payments without the payment increase and the number of payments with the payment increase. There are 240 payments without the payment increase. With the payment increase, there are 96 payments before the payment increase and 130 payment after. So with the payment increase, there are a total of 96+130=226 payments.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 240-226 \\ & = & 14 \mbox { payments} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
With the payment increase, it takes 14 fewer payments to pay-off the mortgage.
Step 6: Convert the difference found in the previous step to years and months.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{14}{12} \\ & = & 1.1666... \\ & \rightarrow & 1 \mbox{ year} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.16666... \times 12 \\ & = & 2 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The amortization period is shortened by 1 year and 2 months.
TRY IT
A $500,000 mortgage at 4.3% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 25 years. How much is the amortization period shortened by if the payments are increased by $75 at the end of year three?
Click to see Solution
1. Calculate the monthly payments.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]500,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | ? |
| I/Y | [latex]4.3[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]PMT=\$2,712.04[/latex]
2. Calculate the balance at the end of three years.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | [latex]300[/latex] |
| PV | [latex]500,000[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,712.04[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]4.3[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
| P1 | [latex]36[/latex] |
| P2 | [latex]36[/latex] |
[latex]BAL=\$464,114.56[/latex]
3. Calculate the new payment.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*}\mbox{New Payment} & = & 2,712.04+75 \\ & = & \$2,787.04 \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
4. Calculate the number of payments needed to re-pay the balance found in step 2.
| PMT Setting | END |
| N | ? |
| PV | [latex]464,114.56[/latex] |
| FV | [latex]0[/latex] |
| PMT | [latex]-2,787.04[/latex] |
| I/Y | [latex]4.3[/latex] |
| P/Y | [latex]12[/latex] |
| C/Y | [latex]2[/latex] |
[latex]N=252.4769... \rightarrow 253 \mbox{ payments}[/latex]
5. Calculate the difference between the number of payments and convert the difference to years and months.
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Difference} & = & 300-(36+253) \\ & = & 11 \mbox { payments} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
[latex]\begin{eqnarray*} \mbox{Number of Years} & = & \frac{11}{12} \\ & = & 0.9166...\\ & \rightarrow & 0 \mbox{ years} \\ \\ \mbox{Number of Months} & = & 0.9166... \times 12 \\ & = & 11 \mbox{ months} \end{eqnarray*}[/latex]
The amortization period is shortened by 11 months.
Exercises
- A $434,693 mortgage is repaid with monthly payments over 30 years. The interest rate for the first three year term is 4.5% compounded semi-annually. If the mortgage is renewed at 5.25% compounded semi-annually, what is the size of the monthly payments upon renewal?
Click to see Answer
$2,370.32
- A $318,222 mortgage is repaid with bi-weekly payments over 25 years. The interest rate for the first two year term is 3% compounded semi-annually. If the mortgage is renewed at 6.8% compounded semi-annually, what is the size of the bi-weekly payments upon renewal?
Click to see Answer
$985.74
- Five years ago, Asia purchased her $322,000 home in Edmonton with a 25-year amortization. In her first five-year term, she made monthly payments and was charged 4.89% compounded semi-annually. She will renew the mortgage on the same amortization timeline for a three year term at 5.49% compounded semi-annually with monthly payments.
- Calculate the balance remaining after the first term.
- What is the new mortgage payment amount for the second term?
- What is the balance at the end of the second term?
Click to see Answer
a. $284,498.75; b. $1,945.52; c. $258,813.11
- Luke took out a $350,000 mortgage at 3.7% compounded semi-annually and repaid the mortgage with monthly payments of $1,700.
- How long will it take Luke to repay the mortgage?
- How much would the amortization period be shortened by if Luke made weekly payments of $425 instead of the monthly payments?
Click to see Answer
a. 27 years, 2 months; b. 3 years, 5 months
- Sally took out a $475,000 mortgage at 2.9% compounded semi-annually. She repaid the mortgage with monthly payments for 25 years. How much would the amortization period be shortened by if Sally made bi-weekly payments of $1,100 instead of the monthly payments?
Click to see Answer
2 years, 4 months
- Sam received a $280,000 mortgage at 4.5% compounded semi-annually. She repaid the mortgage with monthly payments for 20 years. How much would the amortization period be shortened by if Sam made a $12,000 lump-sum payment at the end of year two?
Click to see Answer
1 year, 2 months
- A $420,000 mortgage at 3.47% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 30 years. How much would the amortization period be shortened by if a lump-sum payment of $20,000 is made at the end of year six?
Click to see Answer
1 year, 11 months
- Jesse received a $570,000 mortgage at 2.9% compounded semi-annually. He repaid the mortgage with monthly payments for 25 years. How much would the amortization period by shortened by if Jesse increases his monthly payments by $175 at the end of year five?
Click to see Answer
1 year, 7 months
- A $190,000 mortgage at 3.2% compounded semi-annually is repaid with monthly payments for 15 years. How much would the amortization period be shortened by if the monthly payments are increased by 10% at the end of year three?
Click to see Answer
1 year, 3 months
Attribution
“13.4: Special Application: Mortgages” from Business Math: A Step-by-Step Handbook Abridged by Sanja Krajisnik; Carol Leppinen; and Jelena Loncar-Vines is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
“13.4: Special Application: Mortgages” from Business Math: A Step-by-Step Handbook (2021B) by J. Olivier and Lyryx Learning Inc. through a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License unless otherwise noted.
