Review Questions

1. Endocrine glands ________.

a secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs

b release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

c secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

d include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

 

2. Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

a autocrine

b paracrine

c endocrine

d neuron

 

3. A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

a melatonin

b thyroid hormone

c growth hormone

d insulin

 

4. A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?

a The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor.

b Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

c Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced.

d The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.

 

5. A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

a humoral

b hormonal

c neural

d positive feedback

 

6. The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.

a blood vessels

b nerve axons

c cartilage

d bone

 

7. Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

a ADH

b oxytocin

c TSH

d cortisol

 

8. How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

a 0

b 1

c 2

d 6

9. Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?

a adrenocorticotropic hormone

b antidiuretic hormone

c luteinizing hormone

d all of the above

10. Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

a It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.

b The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.

c It manufactures three hormones.

d all of the above

 

11. The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

a TSH from the hypothalamus

b TSH from the anterior pituitary

c thyroxine from the anterior pituitary

d thyroglobulin from the thyroid’s parafollicular cells

 

12. The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

a the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged

b there is hypertrophy of the thyroid’s follicle cells

c there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

d the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone

 

13. Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

a simple diffusion

b facilitated diffusion

c active transport

d osmosis

 

14. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

a urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys

b a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines

c the activity of osteoblasts

d the activity of osteoclasts

 

15. Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

a increased bone deposition

b fractures

c convulsions

d all of the above

 

16. The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

a thyroid

b liver

c kidneys

d hypothalamus

 

17. What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

a chromaffin cells

b neuroglial cells

c follicle cells

d oxyphil cells

 

18. Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.

a abnormally low levels of cortisol

b abnormally high levels of cortisol

c abnormally low levels of aldosterone

d abnormally high levels of aldosterone

 

19. Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

a pupil dilation

b increased oxygen supply to the lungs

c suppressed digestion

d reduced mental activity

 

20. What cells secrete melatonin?

a melanocytes

b pinealocytes

c suprachiasmatic nucleus cells

d retinal cells

 

21. The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

a declining levels of light

b exposure to bright light

c the secretion of serotonin

d the activity of pinealocytes

 

22. The gonads produce what class of hormones?

a amine hormones

b peptide hormones

c steroid hormones

d catecholamines

 

23. The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

a estrogens

b progesterone

c relaxin

d inhibin

 

24. The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.

a prepare the breasts for lactation

b nourish the placenta

c regulate the menstrual cycle

d all of the above

 

25. If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

a somatostatin

b pancreatic polypeptide

c insulin

d glucagon

 

26. Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

a Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane.

b Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

c Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.

d Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

 

27. The walls of the atria produce which hormone?

a cholecystokinin

b atrial natriuretic peptide

c renin

d calcitriol

28. The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

a reduce blood volume

b increase blood glucose

c reduce blood pressure

d increase blood pressure

 

29. Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.

a blood calcium levels

b secretion of growth hormone

c blood oxygen levels

d muscle mass

 

30. Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.

a development of T cells

b preparation of the body for childbirth

c regulation of appetite

d release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

 

31. The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

a oral ectoderm

b neural ectoderm

c mesoderm

d endoderm

 

32. In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

a increased tolerance for cold

b decreased basal metabolic rate

c decreased body fat

d osteoporosis