Review Questions
1. Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?
a pharynx
b nasal cavity
c alveoli
d bronchi
2. What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
a increase surface area
b exchange gases
c maintain surface tension
d maintain air pressure
3. The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
a nasopharynx
b laryngopharynx
c nasal cavity
d oral cavity
4. Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
a C-shaped cartilage
b smooth muscle fibers
c cilia
d all of the above
5. Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
a alveoli
b bronchi
c terminal bronchioles
d respiratory bronchioles
6. What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
a to secrete pulmonary surfactant
b to secrete antimicrobial proteins
c to remove pathogens and debris
d to facilitate gas exchange
7. Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?
a mediastinum
b fissure
c root
d pleura
8. A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.
a bronchopulmonary segment
b pulmonary lobule
c interpulmonary segment
d respiratory segment
9. The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.
a pulmonary
b interlobular
c respiratory
d bronchial
10. The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.
a visceral and parietal pleurae.
b mediastinum and parietal pleurae.
c visceral and mediastinum pleurae.
d none of the above
11. Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
a pulmonary ventilation
b production of pulmonary surfactant
c resistance
d surface tension
12. A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.
a decrease in
b equalization of
c increase in
d zero
13. The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.
a atmospheric pressure
b pulmonary pressure
c negative pressure
d transpulmonary pressure
14. Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.
a resistance
b pressure
c airway diameter
d friction
15. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
a The diaphragm moves downward.
b The rib cage is compressed.
c The thoracic cavity volume decreases.
d The ribs and sternum move upward.
16. Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
a residual volume
b tidal volume
c expiratory reserve volume
d inspiratory reserve volume
17. Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.
a low; high
b low; low
c high; high
d high; low
18. When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?
a The capillary constricts.
b The capillary dilates.
c The partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases.
d The bronchioles dilate.
19. Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.
a external respiration
b interpulmonary respiration
c internal respiration
d pulmonary ventilation
20. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?
a It diffuses into the blood.
b It diffuses into the alveoli.
c The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse.
d It decomposes into carbon and oxygen.
21. Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?
a hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
b carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide
c hemoglobin and oxygen
d carbonic anhydrase and oxygen
22. Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen–hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?
a temperature
b pH
c BPG
d all of the above
23. Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?
a Chloride is removed from the erythrocyte.
b Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.
c Bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte.
d Bicarbonate is removed from the blood.
24. A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.
a Haldane effect
b Bohr effect
c Dalton’s law
d Henry’s law
25. Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.
a hyperventilation
b hyperpnea
c acclimatization
d apnea
26. Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following?
a low partial pressure of oxygen
b low atmospheric pressure
c abnormal neural signals
d small venous reserve of oxygen
27. Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
a AMS
b high blood levels of carbon dioxide
c low atmospheric pressure
d erythropoietin