Review Questions
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Endocrine glands ________.
a secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs
b release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
c secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
d include sebaceous glands and sweat glands
2. Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.
a autocrine
b paracrine
c endocrine
d neuron
3. A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.
a melatonin
b thyroid hormone
c growth hormone
d insulin
4. A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
a The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor.
b Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
c Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced.
d The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.
5. A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
a humoral
b hormonal
c neural
d positive feedback
6. The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.
a blood vessels
b nerve axons
c cartilage
d bone
7. Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
a ADH
b oxytocin
c TSH
d cortisol
8. How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
a 0
b 1
c 2
d 6
9. Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
a adrenocorticotropic hormone
b antidiuretic hormone
c luteinizing hormone
d all of the above
10. Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
a It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
b The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.
c It manufactures three hormones.
d all of the above
11. The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
a TSH from the hypothalamus
b TSH from the anterior pituitary
c thyroxine from the anterior pituitary
d thyroglobulin from the thyroid’s parafollicular cells
12. The development of a goiter indicates that ________.
a the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged
b there is hypertrophy of the thyroid’s follicle cells
c there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
d the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone
13. Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.
a simple diffusion
b facilitated diffusion
c active transport
d osmosis
14. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
a urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys
b a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines
c the activity of osteoblasts
d the activity of osteoclasts
15. Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
a increased bone deposition
b fractures
c convulsions
d all of the above
16. The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
a thyroid
b liver
c kidneys
d hypothalamus
17. What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
a chromaffin cells
b neuroglial cells
c follicle cells
d oxyphil cells
18. Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.
a abnormally low levels of cortisol
b abnormally high levels of cortisol
c abnormally low levels of aldosterone
d abnormally high levels of aldosterone
19. Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?
a pupil dilation
b increased oxygen supply to the lungs
c suppressed digestion
d reduced mental activity
20. What cells secrete melatonin?
a melanocytes
b pinealocytes
c suprachiasmatic nucleus cells
d retinal cells
21. The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.
a declining levels of light
b exposure to bright light
c the secretion of serotonin
d the activity of pinealocytes
22. The gonads produce what class of hormones?
a amine hormones
b peptide hormones
c steroid hormones
d catecholamines
23. The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
a estrogens
b progesterone
c relaxin
d inhibin
24. The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.
a prepare the breasts for lactation
b nourish the placenta
c regulate the menstrual cycle
d all of the above
25. If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
a somatostatin
b pancreatic polypeptide
c insulin
d glucagon
26. Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
a Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane.
b Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
c Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
d Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.
27. The walls of the atria produce which hormone?
a cholecystokinin
b atrial natriuretic peptide
c renin
d calcitriol
28. The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
a reduce blood volume
b increase blood glucose
c reduce blood pressure
d increase blood pressure
29. Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.
a blood calcium levels
b secretion of growth hormone
c blood oxygen levels
d muscle mass
30. Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.
a development of T cells
b preparation of the body for childbirth
c regulation of appetite
d release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
31. The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
a oral ectoderm
b neural ectoderm
c mesoderm
d endoderm
32. In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.
a increased tolerance for cold
b decreased basal metabolic rate
c decreased body fat
d osteoporosis