5 Imperial and U.S. Systems of Measurement

Canada used the U.S. and imperial systems of measurement until 1971 when the S.I. or metric system was declared the official measuring system for Canada, which is now in use in most of the world, with the United States being the major exception. However, “declaring” and “truly adopting” are not always the same.

Because of Canada’s strong ties to the United States, a lot of our food products come from across the border, and many Canadian producers also sell in the U.S. market. This is one of the main reasons Canadians need to know how to work in both systems. Most Canadian packages include both Canadian and U.S. or imperial measurements on the label, and many suppliers still quote prices in cost per pound instead of cost per kilogram.

The most commonly used units of measurement in the U.S. and imperial systems are shown in Table 6.

Type of Measurement Unit Abbreviation
Weight Pound lb. or #
Weight Ounce oz.
Volume Gallon gal.
Volume Quart qt.
Volume Pint pt.
Volume Cup c.
Volume Fluid ounce fl.oz. or oz.
Volume Tablespoon Tbsp. or tbsp.
Volume Teaspoon tsp.
Length Mile m.
Length Yard yd.
Length Foot ft. or ‘
Length Inch in. or “

Table 6: U.S. and imperial units of measurement

Note: There is sometimes confusion about the symbol #. When # is used in front of a number, such as in #10, the # is read as the word number. Thus, #10 is read as number 10. When the # follows a number, the # is read as pounds. Thus, 10# is read as 10 pounds.

Differences between the U.S. and Imperial Systems

The only difference between the imperial system and the U.S. system is in volume measurements. Not only are the number of ounces in pints, quarts, and gallons all larger in the imperial system, the size of one fluid ounce is also different, as shown in the table in Table 7.

Unit of Measurement Imperial System Metric Equivalent U.S. System Metric Equivalent
1 ounce 1 (fluid) oz. 28.41 mL 1 (fluid) oz. 29.57 mL
1 gill 5 (fluid) oz. 142.07 mL Not commonly used
1 cup Not commonly used 8 (fluid) oz. 236.59 mL
1 pint 20 (fluid) oz. 568.26 mL 16 (fluid) oz. 473.18 mL
1 quart 40 (fluid) oz. 1.137 L 32 (fluid) oz. 946.36 mL
1 gallon 160 (fluid) oz. 4.546 L 128 (fluid) oz. 3.785 L

Table 7: Differences between U.S. and imperial volume measurements

Where you will notice this most is with any liquid products manufactured in Canada; these products will show the metric conversion using imperial measurement, but any products originating in the United States will show the conversion using U.S. measurements. For example, if you compare 12 fl. oz. bottles or cans of soft drinks or beer, you will see that American brands contain 355 mL (12 fl. oz. U.S.) and Canadian brands contain 341 mL (12 fl. oz. imperial).

If you are using a recipe written in cups and ounces, always verify the source of your recipe to determine if it has been written using the U.S. or imperial system of measurement. The difference in volume measurements can be quite noticeable when producing large quantities.

If the recipe is from the United States, use U.S. measurements for the conversion, if the recipe originated in the United Kingdom, Australia, or any other country that was once part of the British Empire, use imperial for the conversion.

Converting between Units in the Imperial and U.S. Systems

On occasion, you may need to convert between the various units of volume and between units of volume and units of weight in the U.S. system. To do this, you must know the equivalents for each of the units as shown in Table 8.

Types of Measurement Conversion
Weight 1 pound = 16 ounces
Volume (U.S.) 1 gallon = 4 quarts or 128 (fluid) ounces
Volume (U.S.) 1 quart = 2 pints or 4 cups or 32 (fluid) ounces
Volume (U.S.) 1 pint = 2 cups or 16 (fluid) ounces
Volume (U.S.) 1 cup= 8 (fluid) ounces or 16 tablespoons
Volume (U.S.) 1 (fluid) ounce = 2 tablespoons
Volume (U.S.) 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
Volume (imperial) 1 gallon = 4 quarts or 160 (fluid) ounces
Volume (imperial) 1 quart = 2 pints or 40 (fluid) ounces
Volume (imperial) 1 pint = 20 (fluid) ounces
Volume (imperial) 1 gill = 5 (fluid) ounces or 10 tablespoons
Volume (imperial) 1 (fluid) ounce = 2 tablespoons
Volume (imperial) 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
Length 1 mile = 1760 yards
Length 1 yard = 3 feet
Length 1 foot = 12 inches

Note: One fluid ounce (usually called, simply, ounce) of water weighs approximately one ounce.

Table 8: Equivalent measures within the U.S. and Imperial system

To convert from one unit to another, you either divide or multiply, depending on whether you are converting a smaller unit to a larger one, or a larger unit or to a smaller one.

Converting Smaller to Larger Units

To convert from a smaller to a larger unit, you need to divide. For example, to convert 6 tsp. to tablespoons, divide the 6 by the number of teaspoons in one tablespoon, which is 3 (see Table 8).

6 tsp    = __ tbsp.

6/3       = 2

6 tsp.   = 2 tbsp.

To convert ounces to cups, you need to divide by 8 since there are 8 oz. in 1 cup. For example, if you need to convert 24 oz. to cups, you have to divide 24 by 8.

24 oz.  = __ cups

24/8     = 3

24 oz.  = 3 cups

Converting Larger to Smaller Units

To change larger units to smaller, you have to multiply the larger unit by the number of smaller units in that unit. For example, to convert quarts to pints, you have to multiply the number of quarts by 2 because there are 2 pts. in 1 qt. Therefore, to convert 6 qts. to pints you need to multiply:

6 qts.   = __ pts.

6 x 2    = 12

6 qts.   = 12 pts.

To convert cups to tablespoons, you need to multiply by 16 since there are 16 tbsp. in 1 cup.

3/4 cup            = __ tbsp.

16 x 3/4           = 12

3/4 cup            = 12 tbsp.

Converting between Metric and Imperial/U.S. Measurement Systems

You can convert between metric and imperial or U.S. measurements with straightforward multiplication or division if you know the conversion ratios. Table 9 is a good reference, but there are also many online converters or apps available to make this task easier.

Converting from Metric: When You know Converting to Metric: Divide by To get When you know Multiply by To get
millilitres 4.93 teaspoons teaspoons 4.93 millilitres
millilitres 14.79 tablespoons tablespoons 14.79 millilitres
millilitres 28.41 fluid ounces (imperial) fluid ounces (imperial) 28.41 millilitres
millilitres 29.57 fluid ounces (U.S.) fluid ounces (U.S.) 29.57 millilitres
millilitres 236.59 cups cups 236.59 millilitres
litres 0.236 cups cups 0.236 litres
millilitres 473.18 pints (U.S.) pints (U.S.) 473.18 millilitres
litres 0.473 pints (U.S.) pints (U.S.) 0.473 litres
millilitres 568.26 pints (imperial) pints (imperial) 568.26 millilitres
litres 0.568 pints (imperial) pints (imperial) 0.568 litres
millilitres 946.36 quarts (U.S.) quarts (U.S.) 946.36 millilitres
litres 0.946 quarts (U.S.) quarts (U.S.) 0.946 litres
millilitres 1137 quarts (imperial) quarts (imperial) 1137 millilitres
litres 1.137 quarts (imperial) quarts (imperial) 1.137 litres
litres 3.785 gallons (U.S.) gallons (U.S.) 3.785 litres
litres 4.546 gallons (imperial) gallons (imperial) 4.546 litres
grams 28.35 ounces ounces 28.35 grams
grams 454 pounds pounds 454 grams
kilograms 0.454 pounds pounds 0.454 kilograms
centimetres 2.54 inches inches 2.54 centimetres
millimetres 25.4 inches inches 25.4 millimetres
Celsius (Centigrade) multiply by 1.8 and add 32 Fahrenheit Fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 Celsius (Centigrade)

Table 9: Metric and imperial/U.S. conversions

Table 10 lists the most common U.S. measurements and metric units of measure, and their equivalents used in professional kitchens. Table 11 presents the conversion factors.

Length Unit Equivalent
 Length 1 inch 25.4 millimetres
 Length 1 centimetre 0.39 inches
 Length 1 metre 39.4 inches
Volume Unit Equivalent
 Volume 1 fluid ounce (U.S.) 29.57 millilitres
 Volume 1 cup 237 millilitres
 Volume 1 quart 946 millilitres
 Volume 1 millilitre 0.034 fluid ounces
 Volume 1 litre 33.8 fluid ounces
Weight Unit Equivalent
 Weight 1 ounce 28.35 grams
 Weight 1 pound 454 grams
 Weight 1 gram 0.035 ounce
 Weight 1 kilogram 2.205 pounds

Table 10: Common Metric and U.S. conversions

Length To Convert Multiply by Result
 Length Inches to millimeters 25.4 1 inch = 25.4 mm
 Length Inches to centimetres 2.54 1 inch = 2.54 cm
 Length Millimetres to inches 0.03937 1 mm = 0.03937 in.
 Length Centimetres to inches 0.3937 1 cm = 0.3937 in.
 Length Metres to inches 39.3701 1m = 39.37 in.
Volume To Convert Multiply by Result
 Volume Quarts to litres 0.946 1 qt. = 0.946 L
 Volume Litres to fluid ounces (U.S.) 33.8 1 L = 33.8 oz.
 Volume Quarts to millilitres 946 1 qt. = 946 mL
 Volume Millilitres to ounces 0.0338 1 mL = 0.0338 oz.
 Volume Litres to quarts 1.05625 1 L = 1.05625 qt.
Weight To Convert Multiply by Result
 Weight Ounces to grams 28.35 1 oz. = 28.35 g
 Weight Grams to ounces 0.03527 1 g = 0.03527 oz.
 Weight Kilograms to pounds 2.2046 1 kg = 2.2046 lb.

Table 11: Metric and U.S. Equivalents and Conversions

Soft Conversions

Many times, cooks will use what are called “soft conversions” rather than exact conversions, especially in small batch recipes where a slight variation can be tolerated, as it is often difficult to measure very fine quantities using liquid measures. This is a shortcut that can be used if you are faced with only a set of metric measuring tools and a U.S. recipe (or vice versa). Table 12 lists the common soft conversions.

Soft Conversions

Metric U.S. Measurements
1 millilitre 1/4 teaspoon
2 millilitres 1/2 teaspoon
5 millilitres 1 teaspoon
15 millilitres 1 tablespoon
30 millilitres 1 fluid ounce
250 millilitres 1 cup
500 millilitres 1 pint
1 litre 1 quart
4 litres 1 gallon

Table 12: Soft conversions

Types of Measurements Used in the Kitchen

There are three types of measurements used to measure ingredients and to serve portions in the restaurant trade. Measurement can be by volume, by weight, or by count.

Recipes may have all three types of measurement. A recipe may call for 3 eggs (measurement by count), 250 mL of milk (measurement by volume), and 0.5 kg of cheese (measurement by weight).

There are formal and informal rules governing which type of measurement should be used. There are also specific procedures to ensure that the measuring is done accurately and consistently.

Number or Count

Number measurement is only used when accurate measurement is not critical and the items to be used are understood to be close in size.

For example, “3 eggs” is a common measurement called for in recipes, not just because 3 is easy to count but also because eggs are graded to specific sizes. Most recipes call for large eggs unless stated otherwise.

Numbers are also used if the final product is countable. For example, 24 premade tart shells would be called for if the final product is to be 24 filled tart shells.

Volume

Volume measurement is usually used with liquids or fluids because such items are awkward to weigh. It is also used for dry ingredients in home cooking, but it is less often used for dry measurement in the industry.

Volume is often the measure used when portioning sizes of finished product. For example, portion scoops are used to dole out vegetables, potato salad, and sandwich fillings to keep serving size consistent. Ladles of an exact size are used to portion out soups and sauces.

Often scoops and ladles used for portioning are sized by number. On a scoop, such a number refers to the number of full scoops needed to fill a volume of one litre or one quart. Ladles are sized in millilitres or ounces.

Weight

Weight is the most accurate way to measure ingredients or portions. When proportions of ingredients are critical, their measurements are always given in weights. This is particularly true in baking where it is common to list all ingredients by weight, including eggs (which, as mentioned earlier, in almost all other applications are called for by count). Whether measuring solids or liquids, measuring by weight is more reliable and consistent.

Weighing is a bit more time consuming and requires the use of scales, but it pays off in accuracy. Digital portion scales are most commonly used in industry and come in various sizes to measure weights up to 5 kg (11 lbs.). This is adequate for most recipes, although larger operations may require scales with a larger capacity.

The reason weight is more accurate than volume is because it takes into account factors such as density, moisture, and temperature that can have an effect on the volume of ingredients. For example, 250 mL (1 cup) of brown sugar (measured by volume) could change drastically depending on whether it is loosely or tightly packed in the vessel. On the other hand, 500 grams (17.63 oz.) of brown sugar, will always be 500 grams (17.63 oz.).

Even flour, which one might think is very consistent, will vary from location to location, and the result will mean an adjustment in the amount of liquid needed to get the same consistency when mixed with a given volume.

Another common mistake is interchanging between volume and weight. The only ingredient that will have the same volume and weight consistently is water: 1 L of water = 1 kg of water.

There is no other ingredient that can be measured interchangeably because of gravity and the density of an item. Every ingredient has a different density and different gravitational weight, which will also change according to location. This is called specific gravity. Water has a specific gravity of 1.0. Liquids that are lighter than water (such as oils that float on water) have a specific gravity of less than 1.0. Those that are heavier than water and will sink, such as molasses, have a specific gravity greater than 1.0. Unless you are measuring water, remember not to use a volume measure for a weight measure, and vice versa.

Example

1 L water = 1 kg water

1 L water + 1 L canola oil = 2 L of water and oil mixture (volume)

1 L water + 1 L canola oil = 1.92 kg (weight)

In order to convert your existing recipes that only call for volume measurement to weight, you will need to measure each ingredient by volume, weigh it, and then record the amount in your recipe. There are also tools that can help with this conversion.

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Basic Kitchen and Food Service Management Copyright © 2015 by The BC Cook Articulation Committee is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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