38 Supporting the Business-Level Strategy: Competitive and Cooperative Moves
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and answer the following questions:
- What different competitive moves are commonly used by firms?
- When and how do firms respond to competitive actions taken by their rivals?
- What moves can firms make to cooperate with other firms and create mutual benefits?
Can Merck Stay Healthy?
Merck & Co., Inc. is one of the largest pharmaceutical manufacturers in the world. As of December 2013, the U.S. company had approximately 76,000 employees in 120 countries with thirty-one factories worldwide. It is in the top ten of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies.
On June 7, 2011, Merck announced the formation of a strategic alliance with Roche Holding AG, a smaller pharmaceutical firm that is known for excellence in medical testing. The firms planned to work together to create tests that could identify cancer patients who might benefit from cancer drugs that Merck had under development (Stynes, 2011).
This was the second alliance formed between the companies in less than a month. On May 16, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a drug called Victrelis that Merck had developed to treat hepatitis C. Merck and Roche agreed to promote Victrelis together. This surprised industry experts because Merck and Roche had offered competing treatments for hepatitis C in the past. The Merck-Roche alliance was expected to help Victrelis compete for market share with a new treatment called Incivek that was developed by a team of two other pharmaceutical firms: Vertex and Johnson & Johnson.
Experts predicted that Victrelis’s wholesale price of $1,100 for a week’s supply could create $1 billion of annual revenue. This could be an important financial boost to Merck, although the company was already enormous. Merck’s total of $46 billion in sales in 2010 included approximately $5.0 billion in revenues from asthma treatment Singulair, $3.3 billion for two closely related diabetes drugs, $2.1 billion for two closely related blood pressure drugs, and $1.1 billion for an HIV/AIDS treatment.
Despite these impressive numbers, concerns about Merck had reduced the price of the firm’s stock from nearly $60 per share at the start of 2008 to about $36 per share by June 2011. A big challenge for Merck is that once the patent on a drug expires, its profits related to that drug plummet because generic drugmakers can start selling the drug. The patent on Singulair (an asthma inhaler) expired in mid-2012, for example, and Merck & Co.’s first-quarter earnings fell 8.3 percent as pharmaceutical sales declined amid generic competition for Singulair.
A major step in the growth of Merck was the 2009 acquisition of drugmaker Schering-Plough. By 2014, Merck ranked sixty-fifth on the Fortune 500 list of America’s largest companies. Rivals Pfizer (fifty-first) and Johnson & Johnson (thirty-ninth) still remained much bigger than Merck, however. Important questions also loomed large. Would the competitive and cooperative moves made by Merck’s executives keep the firm healthy? Or would expiring patents, fearsome rivals, and other challenges undermine Merck’s vitality?
In June 2014 Merck announced its acquisition of Idenix Pharmaceuticals for approximately $3.85 billion.
Friedrich Jacob Merck had no idea that he was setting the stage for such immense stakes when he took the first steps toward the creation of Merck. He purchased a humble pharmacy in Darmstadt, Germany, in 1688. In 1827, the venture moved into the creation of drugs when Heinrich Emanuel Merck, a descendant of Friedrich, created a factory in Darmstadt in 1827. The modern version of Merck was incorporated in 1891. More than 300 years after its beginnings, Merck now has approximately 94,000 employees.
For executives leading firms such as Merck, selecting a generic strategy is a key aspect of business-level strategy, but other choices are very important too. In their ongoing battle to make their firms more successful, executives must make decisions about what competitive moves to make, how to respond to rivals’ competitive moves, and what cooperative moves to make. This chapter discusses some of the more powerful and interesting options. As our opening vignette on Merck illustrates, often another company, such as Roche, will be a potential ally in some instances and a potential rival in others.
References
Statistics drawn from Standard & Poor’s stock report on Merck.
Stynes, T. (2011, June 7). Merck, Roche focus on tests for cancer treatments. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023044323045 76371491785709756.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
Time Inc. (2014). Fortune 500 2014. Fortune. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/fortune500/wal-mart-stores-inc-1/
Wikipedia Foundation Inc. (2014). Merck & Co. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co.
