Outcomes

A final aspect of conceptualizing collaboration entails the consequences from the collaborative process.  Terminology and conceptualization by scholars in this regard varies considerably. The term outcome is often used in this regard. Sargent and Water (2004) for example, identify three categories of outcomes: objective outcomes, subjective outcomes, and learning outcomes. Other scholars (e.g., Plummer et al., 2017) have differentiated outcomes into results (tangible and intangible) and effects. Broadly, outcomes from collaboration refers to “what is produced as well as the effects on those directly involved, or the resulting changes or impacts from the collaboration” (Plummer et al., 2020; 2021).