3.10 Case Study: Visible Minorities

In the Spring of 2020, while the pandemic raged on, people from around the world rallied around a common cause: Black Lives Matter. This social movement has focused on a quest for liberty, justice, and freedom for African-Americans, and more specifically, the need to address police brutality against minorities. Without a doubt, this issue is especially acute in the US, where the use of force by police has reached alarming rates.

However, in Canada, the situation is also concerning.  According to Hui Wang and Moreau (2022) with the Canadian Centre for Justice and Community Safety Statistics, “In 2022, Canadian police reported 2,669 criminal incidents that were motivated by hate.  This was the largest number recorded since comparable data became available in 2009.  The first year of the pandemic saw the number of police-reported hate crimes increase by 37% or 718 more incidents, compared with the previous year.” (para. 1)

Some of the visible minority groups in Canada include Muslim, Jewish, Black, First Nations people, Métis, Inuit Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Asian, Arab, West Asian, Chinese, Korean, Latin American, and Southeast Asian. Canada is a diverse country.  The designated groups within Canada is expected to rise.  Statistics Canada (Martel, 2019)  suggests that by 2036 those in the working population will be 1 in 3 visible minorities. Canada has many social equality policies.  However, not everyone is treated equally.

The situation in Canada is different than that of the US, as two groups are overwhelmingly over-represented in deadly encounters with the police: blacks and Indigenous people. In Winnipeg, for example, Indigenous people represent an average of 10.6 percent of the population, but account for nearly two thirds (over 60%) of deadly encounters with the police (Marcoux & Nicholson, 2018). These statistics are troublesome and elected officials are being asked to find solutions. To do so, governments, police forces, and scientists have started to look at the problem in more depth. One of their conclusions, is that as an organization, the police has not kept up with the evolution of the role of its members.

For example, as a result of budget cuts to long-term psychiatric care, improvements in treatment, and the philosophy of integration, an increasing number of people with a mental illness live in the community. As a result, police officers are becoming, by default, the informal ‘first responders’ of our mental health system. A comprehensive database assembled by the CBC shows that 70 percent of the people who died at the hands of police struggled with mental health issues or substance abuse, or a combination of both (Marcoux & Nicholson, 2018). On a day-to-day basis, police officers are much more likely to have to calm down a homeless schizophrenic individual screaming in the middle of St Catherine Street, than to go on a high speed chase with bank robbers. The need to fill these very different roles puts enormous pressure on police officers: it is important to remember that it is the profession with the highest level of suicide. All of this evidence points to a serious issue and begs the question: How to transform the police force to help it fulfill its new role in society? While the answer to this question is very complex, two HRM processes have been at the centre of possible solutions.

Recruitment and Selection

It makes sense that, as the job evolves, the competencies required by police officers also need to evolve. This evolution can be summarized by a shift from physical attributes to psychological ones. For one, emotional intelligence and the capacity to de-escalate situations is key, more so than physical strength. More and more, interviews and selection tests for police officers focus on abilities such as communication, problem-solving and cooperation. Secondly, an emphasis is put on hiring officers who ‘understand’ the population they serve.  In the US, research has shown that white officers dispatched to Black neighbourhoods fired their guns five times as often as Black officers dispatched for similar calls to the same neighbourhoods (Peeples, 2020).

The impetus is then on efforts to diversify the force by recruiting officers from every community, and also hiring officers with non-traditional backgrounds (i.e., with psychology, sociology, or social work degrees). The Montreal Police force has been trying to diversify its ranks, with limited success: approximately 33% of people living in the City of Montreal identify as a visible minority, yet just 7.7 percent of Montreal police officers are visible minorities (CBC News, 2019).

Training

Training has always been a very important HRM process for police organizations. Increasingly, this training has focused on the competencies listed above (i.e., communication, problem-solving and cooperation). An example of a very interesting initiative can be found on the south shore of Montreal, in the Longueuil police department. Led by an innovative police chief, the police force is piloting a program in which officers spend time in the community to bridge the gap between police and the people they serve.

• Check out the New Immersive Training Program by Longueuil Police Deemed a Success – Montreal | Globalnews.ca.

Leaving the gun and uniform at home, officers have the chance to bond and interact with different cultures, community groups and families in their jurisdictions. The objective of the police chief is to cut in half the number of his police officers who respond to calls and replace them by officers who would be assigned to a specific neighbourhood. These officers would always be the same, in order for them to establish relationships with people. “We want to focus on prevention, rather than repression”, (Stevenson, 2021, para. 6) says the chief.

Questions:

1. Research Black Lives Matter.  What do you think the top priorities are for this movement?
2. What type of training is necessary in Canadian companies to change attitudes that lead to inclusion and diversity in the work place?
3. Review the immersive program by Longueuil (articles and videos).  Explain why this program is a success.