REFERENCES
American Psychological Association. (2022, October 19). How to help children and teens manage their stress. https://www.apa.org/topics/child-development/stress
Arai, L., Shaw, A., Feder, G., Howarth, E., MacMillan, H., Moore, T. H. M., Stanley, N., & Gregory, A. (2021). Hope, agency, and the lived experience of violence: A qualitative systematic review of children’s perspectives on domestic violence and abuse. Trauma Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019849582
Baines, D. (Ed.). (2017). Doing anti-oppressive practice: Building transformative, politicized social work (3rd ed.). Fernwood Publishing.
Bennett, K., Booth, A., Gair, S., Kibet, R., & Thorpe, R. (2020). Poverty is the problem—not parents: So tell me, child protection worker, how can you help? Children Australia, 45(4), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.39
Bullinger, L. (2019). The effect of paid family leave on infant and parental health in the United States, Journal of Health Economics, 66, 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.05.006
Bunting, L., Montgomery, L., Mooney, S., MacDonald, M., Coulter, S., Hayes, D., & Davidson, G. (2019). Trauma informed child welfare systems: A rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 16(13), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132365
Callaghan, J. E. M., Alexander, J. H., Sixsmith, J., & Fellin, L. C. (2018). Beyond “witnessing”: Children’s experiences of coercive control in domestic violence and abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(10), 1551–1581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515618946
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Fast facts: Preventing adverse childhood experiences. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html
Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality’s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2002). General comment 2: The role of independent national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of the rights of the child. United Nations, para 5, CRC/GC/2002/2,15. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/490983?ln=en
Conroy, S.(2019). Police-reported family violence against children and youth. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2018001/article/54893/04-eng.htm
Crea-Arsenio, M., Newbold, K., Baumann, A., & Walton-Roberts, M. (2022). Immigrant employment integration in Canada: A narrative review. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 54(2), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2022.0010
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Crenshaw, K. (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. The New Press.
Cross, D., Vance, L., Kim, Y., Ruchard, A., Fox, N., Jovanovic, T., & Bradley, B. (2018). Trauma exposure, PTSD, and parenting in a community sample of low-income, predominantly African American mothers and children. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 327–335.
Davison, K., Hyland, C., West, M., Lin, S., Tong, H., Kobayashi, K., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mid-age and older adults differs by immigrant status and ethnicity, nutrition, and other determinants of health in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56, 963–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-02003-7
Dei, G. J. S. (2000). Towards an anti-racism discursive framework. In M. Aguiar, A. Calliste, & G. Dei (Eds.). Power, knowledge and anti-racism education: A critical reader (pp. 23–40). Fernwood Publishing.
Dei, G. J. S., & Asgharzadeh, A. (2001). The power of social theory: The anti-colonial discursive framework. Journal of Educational Thought, 35(3), 297–323.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
Dougherty, E., Edge, N., Vanderzee, K., John, S., Roberts, L., Mesman, G., & Pemberton, J. (2022). Pairing policy change with investments in supports to improve outcomes for children impacted by family violence: The Arkansas experience. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 65, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101636
Dua, E. (2007). Exclusion through inclusion: Female Asian migration in the making of Canada as a white settler nation. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 14(4), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701439751
Ertorer, S., Long, J., Fellin, M., & Esses, V. M. (2022). Immigrant perceptions of integration in the Canadian workplace. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 41(7): 1091–1111. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-02-2019-0086
Etherington, N. A., & Baker, L. L. (2016). The link between boys’ victimization and adult perpetration of intimate partner violence: Opportunities for prevention across the life course. Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women and Children. https://www.vawlearningnetwork.ca/our-work/reports/2016-4-PHAC_Boys_report_Final.pdf
Farmer, P. E., Bruce, N., Sara, S., & Salmaan, K. (2006). Structural violence and clinical medicine. PLos Medicine, 3(10), e449. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
Ferguson, I., & Lavalette, M. (2006). Globalization and global justice: Towards social work of resistance. International Social Work, 49(3), 309–318.
Field, S., Onah, M., Van Heyningen, T., & Honikman, S. (2018). Domestic and intimate partner violence among pregnant women in a low resource setting in South Africa: A facility-based, mixed methods study. BMC Women’s Health, 18(119), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0612-2
Ford, J. (2020). New findings questioning the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD): Let’s take a closer look. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708145
Forke, C., Myers, R., Fein, J., Catallozzi, M., Localio, A., Wiebe, D., & Grisso, J. (2018). Witnessing intimate partner violence as a child: How boys and girls model their parents’ behaviors in adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.031
Franzese, R. J., Menard, S., & Covey, H. C. (2017). Adolescent exposure to violence adult violent victimization and offending. Criminal Justice Review, 42(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016816679228
Frazer, H., & Seymour, K. (2017). Understanding violence and abuse: An anti-oppressive practice perspective. Fernwood Publishing.
Fulu, E., Miedema, S., Roselli, T., McCook, S., Ling Chan, K., Haardorfer, R., & Jewkes, R. (2017). Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: Findings from the UN multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific. Lancet Global Health, 5(5), E512–522. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X17301031
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305.
Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
George, P., Medhekar, A., Chaze, F., & Osborne, B. (2022). In search of interdisciplinary, holistic and culturally informed services: The case of racialized immigrant women experiencing violence in Ontario. Family Court Review, 60(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/0.1111/fcre.12653
George, P., & Rashidi, M. (2014). Domestic violence in South Asian communities in the GTA: Critical perspectives of community activists and service providers. CAOS: The Journal of Critical Anti-Oppressive Social Inquiry, 1, 67–81.
Ghani, M. (2018). The impacts of domestic violence on children: Perspectives from women in Malaysia who experience abuse. Child Welfare, 96(3), 103–117.
Gilbar, O., & Cloitre, M. (2019). The role of complex posttraumatic stress symptoms in the association between exposure to traumatic events and severity of intimate partner violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 98, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104174
Government of Canada. (2019). Legislative background: An act to amend the Divorce Act, the Family Orders and Agreements Enforcement Assistance Act and the Garnishment, Attachment and Pension Diversion Act and to make consequential amendments to another act (Bill C-78 in the 42nd Parliament). Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/c78/03.html
Government of Canada. (2021). Fact sheet: Intimate partner violence. Women and Gender Equality Canada. https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/gender-based-violence-knowledge-centre/intimate-partner-violence.html
Government of Canada. (2022a). Child abuse: Information and resources. Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/fv-vf/ca-me.html
Government of Canada. (2022b). Making appropriate parenting arrangements in family violence cases: Applying the literature to identify promising practices. Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/parent/2005_3/p2.html
Government of Canada. (2022c). The Divorce Act changes explained. Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fl-df/cfl-mdf/dace-clde/index.html
Government of Canada. (2023). An act to amend the Divorce Act, the Family Orders and Agreements Enforcement Assistance Act and the Garnishment, Attachment and Pension Diversion Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act (Bill C-78 in the 42nd Parliament). Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/c78/03.html
Greenblatt-Kimron, L., Karatzias, T., Yonatan, M., Shoham, A., Hyland, P., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shevlin, M. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and ICD-11 CPTSD symptoms: Treatment considerations. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 96(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12429
Haque, M., Choudhury, N., & Ahmed, T. (2020). Factors associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3–4), 1248–1269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922353
Haselschwerdt, M., Carlson, C., & Hlavaty, K. (2018). The romantic relationship experiences of young adult women exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7–8), 3065–3092. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518771679
Howard, J. (2019). A systemic framework for trauma-informed schooling: Complex but necessary! Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(5), 545–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1479323
Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2017). Hegemonic masculinity, violence, and gender equality. Men and Masculinities, 21(4), 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184×17696171
Kall, L., & Zeiler, K. (2014). Feminist phenomenology and medicine. Suny Press.
Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N., Bisson, J., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 887–894. https://doi.org/0.1002/da.22934
Khemthong, O., & Chutiphongdech, T. (2021). Domestic violence and its impacts on children: A concise review of past literature. Walailak Journal of Social Science, 14(6), 1–12.
Kimber, M., Adham, S., Gill, S., McTavish, J., & MacMillan, H. L. (2018). The association between child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and perpetration of IPV in adulthood—A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.007
Kong, J., & Goldberg, J. (2022). Childhood exposure to family violence and adult sibling relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(4), 1046–1061. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12862
Kulkarni, S. (2019) Intersectional trauma-informed intimate partner violence (IPV) services: Narrowing the gap between IPV service delivery and survivor needs. Journal of Family Violence, 34, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-0001-5
Kumari, V. (2020). Emotional abuse and neglect: Time to focus on prevention and mental health consequences. British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 597–599. http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.154
Lacey, R. E., Howe, L. D., Kelly-Irving, M., Bartley, M., & Kelly, Y. (2020). The clustering of adverse childhood experiences in the Avon Longitudinal Study of parents and children: Are gender and poverty important? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5–6), 2218–2241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520935096
Ladson-Billings, G. (Ed.). (2003). Critical race theory perspectives on the social studies: The profession, policies, and curriculum. Information Age Publishing.
Lamb, K., Humphreys, C., & Hegarty, K. (2018). “Your behaviour has consequences”: Children and young people’s perspectives on reparation with their fathers after domestic violence. Child and Youth Services Review, 88, 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.013
Laurenzi, C., Field, S., & Honikman, S. (2020). Food insecurity, maternal mental health, and domestic violence: A call for a syndemic approach to research and interventions. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(4), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02872-8
Levenson, J. (2017). Trauma-informed social work practice. Social Work, 62(2),105–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx001
Lightman, N., & Good Gingrich, L. (2018). Measuring economic exclusion for racialized minorities, immigrants and women in Canada: Results from 2000 and 2010. Journal of Poverty, 22(5), 398–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2018.1460736
Lloyd, M. (2018). Domestic violence and education: Examining the impact of domestic violence on young children, children, and young people and the potential role of schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02094
Longo, L., Jannini, T., Merlo, M., Cecora, V., Gagliano, M., D’Imperia, B., Daverio, A., Monaco, L., Rossi, R., Niolu, C., Siracusano, A., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2021). Suicidality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Psychiatry, 64(S1). https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.390
Lünnemann, M. K. M., Horst, F. C. P. V., Prinzie, P., Luijk, M. P. C. M., & Steketee, M. (2019). The intergenerational impact of trauma and family violence on parents and their children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104134
Luthar, S. S., Ciciolla, L., & Suh, B. C. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences among youth from high-achieving schools: Appraising vulnerability processes toward fostering resilience. American Psychology, 76(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000754
Maji, S. (2018). Health consequences of witnessing domestic violence among children: A review. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 9(1), 66–69.
Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 68–75.
Martin, S. L., Ashley O. S., White, L., Axelson, S., Clark, M., & Burrus, B. (2017). Incorporating trauma-informed care into school-based programs. Journal of School Health, 87(12), 958–967. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29096416/
Matsuda, M. J., Lawrence, C. R., Delgado, R., & Crenshaw, K. W. (1993). Words that wound: Critical race theory, assaultive speech, and the first amendment. Westview Press.
Maynard, B., Farina, A., Dell, N., & Kelly, M. (2019). Effects of trauma-informed approaches in schools: A systematic review. Campbell Systemic Reviews, 15(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1018
Mazarello, O., Gagné, M., & Langevin, R. (2022). Risk factors for sexual revictimization and dating violence in young adults with a history of child sexual abuse. Journal of Children & Adolescent Trauma, 15, 1113–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-00462-5
McDonald, J. (2005). Neo-liberalism and the pathologizing of public issues: The displacement of feminist service models in domestic violence support services. Australian Social Work, 58(3), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0748.2005.00220.x
McLaughlin, K. (2005). From ridicule to institutionalization: Anti-oppression, the state and social work. Critical Social Policy, 25(3), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018305054072
McLaughlin, K. (2016). Politics as social work: The micromanagement of behaviour in the new millennium. In P. George, S. Dina, & C. Mono (Eds.), Social work in a global context: Issues and challenges (pp. 91–104). Routledge.
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 504–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001
Mehta, D., Kelly, A. B., Laurens, K. R., Haslam, D., Williams, K. E., Walsh, K., Baker, P. R. A., Carter, H. E., Khawaja, N. G., Zelenko, O., & Mathews, B. (2021). Child maltreatment and long-term physical and mental health outcomes: An exploration of biopsychosocial determinants and implications for prevention. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 54, 421–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01258-8
Morley, C., Selma, M., & Phil, A. (2014). Engaging with social work: A critical introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Nagaraj, N. C., Vyas, A. N., & McDonnell, K. A. (2019). Is there a link between childhood family violence and adult health? Understanding family violence amongst South Asian American women. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(5), 978–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0829-z
Niess-May, B. (2019). The intersection of domestic violence and poverty. SafeHouse Center. Retrieved February 17, 2023, from https://www.safehousecenter.org/the-intersection-of-domestic-violence-and-poverty/
Noble-Carr, D., Moore, T., & McArthur, M. (2020). Children’s experiences and needs in relation to domestic and family violence: Findings from a meta-synthesis. Child & Family Social Work, 25(1), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12645
Nzira, V., & Williams, P. (2009). Anti-oppression practice in health and social care. Sage.
O’Leary, P., Young, A., Wilde, T., & Tsantefski, M. (2018). Interagency working in child protection and domestic violence. Australian Social Work, 71(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2017.1422773
Orr, C., O’Donnell, M., Fisher, C., Bell, M., Glauert, R., & Preen, D. (2021). School readiness of children exposed to family and domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21–22), NP20428–NP20458. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050099
Overlien, C. (2017). “Do you want to do some arm wrestling?” Children’s strategies when experiencing domestic violence and the meaning of age. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 680–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12283
Padgett, D. K. (2017). Strategies for rigor and trustworthiness. In qualitative methods in social work research (3rd ed.) (pp. 209–229). Sage.
Pon, G. (2009). Cultural competency as new racism: An ontology of forgetting. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 20(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428230902871173
Portwood, S. G., Lawler, M. J., & Roberts, M. C. (2021). Science, practice, and policy related to adverse childhood experiences: Framing the conversation. The American Psychologist, 76(2), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000809
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2021). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: An overview for children and teenagers. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/health-promotion/childhood-adolescence/national-child-day/united-nations-convention-rights-of-the-child/UNCRC-overview-poster-eng.pdf
Public Health Ontario. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/a/2020/adverse-childhood-experiences-report.pdf
Racine, N., Killam T., & Madigan, S. (2020). Trauma-informed care as a universal precaution: Beyond the adverse childhood experiences questionnaire. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(1), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3866
Razack, S. (2003). A violent culture or culturalized violence? Feminist narratives of sexual violence against South Asian women. Studies in Practical Philosophy, 3(1), 80–104. https://doi.org/10.5840/studpracphil2003317
Rylko-Bauer, B., & Farmer, P. (2017). Structural violence, poverty and social suffering. In D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty (pp. 47–74). Oxford University Press.
Schubert, E. (2022). Supporting children who experience domestic violence: Evaluating the child witness to domestic violence program. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19–20), NP18175–NP18193. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211035874
Smith, L. T. (2012). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples (2nd ed.). Zed Books.
Solorzano, D. G. (1997). Images and words that wound: Critical race theory, racial stereotyping, and teacher education. Teacher Education Quarterly, 24(3), 5–19. http://doi.org/stable/23478088
Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights. (2007). Children: The silenced citizens. Retrieved on March 9, 2022, from www.senate-senat.ca/rights-droits.asp
Statistics Canada. (2017). Children with an immigrant background: Bridging cultures. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016015/98-200-x2016015-eng.cfm
Statistics Canada. (2022a). Brief: Statistical profile of intimate partner violence in Canada. https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/441/FEWO/Brief/BR11575288/br-external/StatisticsCanada-Brief-e.pdf
Statistics Canada. (2022b). Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220908/dq220908a-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2022c). Victims of police-reported family and intimate partner violence in Canada, 2021. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221019/dq221019c-eng.htm
Sullivan, A. W. J. (2021, November 2). Voice from the bench. [Access to Justice: Recognizing the Rights of Children under the UN Convention, symposium session via Zoom].
Thiara, R. K., & Humphreys, C. (2017). Absent presence: The ongoing impact of men’s violence on the mother-child relationship. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 137–145.
Thobani, S. (2000). Closing ranks: Racism and sexism in Canada’s immigration policy. Race & Class, 42(1), 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/030639600128968009
Thobani, S. (2007). Exalted subjects: Studies in the making of race and nation in Canada. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442685666
Trocmé, N. M., & Wolfe, D. A. (2001). Child maltreatment in Canada: Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Selected results. Division of Health Surveillance and Epidemiology, Health Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canadian-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-neglect.html
UNICEF. (2001). Independent institutions protecting children’s rights. Innocenti Digest, 8, 1–3, 13.
United Nations. (1990). Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
United Nations (2016). Protection of the rights of the child in the implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Annual report (A/HRC/34/27) of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General. Retrieved on June 12, 2023, from: daccess-ods.un.org/tmp/5680452.58522034.html
United Nations. (2020). Hidden scars: How violence harms the mental health of children. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children. New York. Retrieved on February 17, 2023, from: https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/publications/final_hidden_scars_lhow_violence_harms_the_mental_health_of_children.pdf
Vang, M., Dokkedahl, S., Løkkegaard, S. S., Jakobsen A., Moller, L., Auning-Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2021). Validation of ICD-11 PTSD and DSO using the international trauma questionnaire in five clinical samples recruited in Denmark. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1894806. https://doi.org/0.1080/20008198.2021.1894806
Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Althouse Press.
Volpp, L. (2002). On culture, difference, and domestic violence. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 11(2), 393–400.
Volpp, L. (2011). Framing cultural difference: Immigrant women and discourses of tradition. Differences, 22(1), 90–110.
Williams, M. T. (2011, December 27). Colorblind ideology is a form of racism. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/culturally-speaking/201112/colorblind-ideology-is-form-racism
Woolgar, F., Garfield, H., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed preschool-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.026
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). The World Health Organization introduces CPTSD. Retrieved on February 17, 2023, from https://neuroaffectivetouch.com/natouch-blog/the-world-health-organization-introduces-complex-ptsd/?doing_wp_cron=1684351622.2859759330749511718750
World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Violence against children. Retrieved on February 17, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-children
Yan, E., & Karatzias, T. (2020). Childhood abuse and current intimate partner violence: A population study in Hong Kong. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1–2), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682521
Zhang, T., & Banerjee, R. (2021). Bridges or barriers? The relationship between immigrants’ early labor market adversities and long-term earnings. International Migration Review, 55(4), 1169–1200. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211000286