11. The Present Perfect Tense

Learning Outcomes

After completing Chapter 9, students will know how to:

  • use the functions of the Present Perfect Tense.
  • form the Present Perfect Tense in affirmative statements, negative statements and questions.
  • apply the Present Perfect Tense in various situations.
  • use appropriate time markers with the Present Perfect Tense.

Functions of the Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense is used for

  1. past actions that happened at an unspecific time.
  2. repeated past actions at an unspecific time.
  3. actions that started in the past and are continuing up until now.

Let us discuss these points in detail.

Past actions that happened at an unspecific time:

This is a timeline. There is a black line horizontal across the page with an arrow pointing to the right with the word future underneath. On the opposite side, there is an arrow pointing left with the word past underneath. In the centre of the time line is an arrow pointing down indicating with the word now written above it. There is a vertical blue arrow pointing down toward the horizontal line between the past arrow and the now arrow. There is a question mark above that vertical arrow.
Present Perfect Timeline by Virginia McHardy, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

These are actions that finished, but you don’t know when they happened.  Some examples are:

  • I have seen Niagara Falls.
  • Petro has written the test.
  • Sari has helped many students.
  • We have eaten breakfast.

With this function, the common time markers that are used include already, yet, still, ever, and never. See the table below:

The table has 5 columns titled time markers, definition, position, used with and example. There are 5 rows under each column. The first time marker is already. The definition is before now. The position is before the past participle or at the end of the sentence. It is used with affirmative statements and questions. The examples are I have already seen Niagara Falls and Have you seen Jason already? The second time marker is yet. The definition is up until now. The position is at the end of the sentence. It is used with negative statements and questions. The examples are Petro hasn't written the test yet and Has John finished his class yet? The third time marker is still. The definition is up until now. The position is before have or has. It is used with negative statements. The example is Karen still hasn't cleaned her room. The fourth time marker is ever. The definition is at any time. The position is before the past participle. It is used with negative statements and questions. The examples are Stephen hasn't ever been to Paris and Have you ever played pickleball? The last time marker is never. The definition is not at any time. The position is before the past participle. It is used with affirmative statements but the meaning is negative. The example is Lisa has never ridden a horse.
Present Perfect Time Markers by Virginia McHardy, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

 

Repeated past actions at an unspecific time:

This is a timeline. There is a black line horizontal across the page with an arrow pointing to the right with the word future underneath. On the opposite side, there is an arrow pointing left with the word past underneath. In the centre of the time line is an arrow pointing down indicating with the word now written above it. There are 3 vertical blue arrows pointing down toward the horizontal line between the past arrow and the now arrow. There is a question mark above each vertical arrow.
Present Perfect Repeated Past Actions by Virginia McHardy, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

These actions happened repeatedly in the past, but we don’t know when. They are finished actions. Some examples are:

  • Sora has seen the movie Titanic three times.
  • Gali and Tara have been to Italy several times.
  • Zainab has failed her driver’s test twice.

Actions that started in the past and have continued up until now:

This is a timeline. There is a black line horizontal across the page with an arrow pointing to the right with the word future underneath. On the opposite side, there is an arrow pointing left with the word past underneath. In the centre of the time line is an arrow pointing down indicating with the word now written above it. There is a vertical blue arrow pointing down toward the horizontal line between the past arrow and the now arrow. There is another blue line perpendicular to the vertical blue arrow that stretches through the now arrow into the future.
Present Perfect Timeline 2 by Virginia McHardy, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

These are actions that started in the past and have continued up until now and might continue into the future.  With this function, common time markers used are since and for.

Since is used with a specific time – since 1995, since Tuesday, since childhood

For is used with a duration of time – for 3 years, for 2 days, for a long time

Some examples are:

  • I have lived in Barrie for 15 years.
  • Mary has worked at Georgian College since 2005.
  • Corrine has known me since childhood.
  • Mariam has taught ESL for a long time.

Forms

Let us now explore how the Present Perfect Tense is formed:

Affirmative sentences: Subject + has/have + past participle
Subject + + has/have + past participle
I have studied.
Gaelle has eaten.
Augusta has gone.
Mary and Alma have finished.
Negative Sentences: Subject + has/have + not+  past participle
Subject + have+ not + past participle.
I have not (haven’t taught.
Nebrass has not (hasn’t) laughed.
Adlet has not (hasn’t) played.
You have not (haven’t) arrived.
Wang and Shengbo have not (haven’t) decided.
Yes/No Questions: Has/Have + subject +  past participle?
Has/Have + subject + past participle? Short Answer
Have I answered? Yes, you have./No, you haven’t.
Has Stephen failed? Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.
Have the teachers slept? Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.
Information Questions: Wh ? + has/have + subject + past participle?
Wh ? + has/have + subject past participle? Answer
What has Yumi done? She had cleaned the kitchen, mopped the floors and dusted.
Where have they gone? They have gone to the dentist.
Why have you lied? I have lied because I didn’t want to get in trouble.

***Do not use “When” with the Present Perfect Tense questions. Use it with The Simple Past

***For a list of past participles, see Chapter 13.

 

Present Perfect Form and Function Practice

Watch the video here to review the form and function of Present Perfect. Pay attention to the pop-up messages! There are some practice questions at the end.

Present Perfect Form and Function Review and Practice (Text Version)

 

Watch the video Present Perfect – Grammar & Verb Tenses (6 minutes) 

1:00-1:05 Notice that for actions that started in the past and continue until now, we include a period of time (used with ‘for) or a start time (used with ‘since’).

Activity source: “Present Perfect Form and Function Review and Practice” by Sari Martin, licensed under CC BY-NC SA 4.0. Video Source: Ellii (formerly ESL Library). (2020, September 14). Present perfect – Grammar & verb tenses [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/553eeL1Dvho

Present Perfect More Practice

Present Perfect is sometimes a difficult tense to understand. This video gives some great examples comparing the Simple Past and Present Perfect to highlight the difference.  Watch the video to see the difference between the two tenses. Pay attention to the pop-up messages.

More Present Perfect Practice Interactive Video (Text Version)

Watch the video Introduction to Present Perfect Tense (5 min) on YouTube

1:16-1:20 Remember: The Present Perfect connects the past to the present!

1:32-1:36 Again, a time period connecting the past to now.

Activity source: “Present Perfect Form and Function” by Sari Martin, licensed under CC BY-NC SA 4.0. Video Source: EasyTeaching. (January 2, 2020 ) Introduction to present perfect tense | EasyTeaching [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/LWubbhIr0Og

Present Perfect Form Practice – Affirmative

Present Perfect – Affirmative (Text Version)

Use have/has along with the past participle form of the verb given, to form sentences in present perfect tense:

Example:

The train/leave platform

The train has left the platform.

  1. Mr. Roy/write a book.
  2. My father/go to Shanghai.
  3. I/lose my pencil box
  4. Rohan/live in this house for five years.
  5. we/just arrived from Vancouver.
  6. Children/go to bed.
  7. Mother/cook soup for lunch today.
  8. Hannah/just/board the bus.
  9. we/live here for ten years now.
  10. the shop/open recently.

Check your Answers  [1]

Activity source: “Present Perfect – Affirmative” by Annapurna Madhuri, edited by Sari Martin, from “Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Present Perfect” In Effective English for Teachers by Annapurna Madhuri, licensed under CC BY-NC SA 4.0. / Title of activity changed, converted to text and minor edits.

Present Perfect Form Practice – Negative

Present perfect – negative (Text Version)

Rewrite the following sentences in negative form

Example: Svetta has eaten the whole pie.

Negative form: Svetta has NOT eaten the whole pie.

  1. Qiping has hidden the toys in her shelf.
  2. Rina and Sheila have reached the school.
  3. Ms. Kim has given milk to the puppies.
  4. The cat has caught the mouse.
  5. Glen has finished his homework.
  6. The artists have used all the colours.
  7. She has lived in Jordan for 5 years.
  8. I have received a parcel from my parents.

Check your answers [2]

Activity source: “Present perfect – negative” by Annapurna Madhuri, edited by Sari Martin, from “Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Present Perfect ” In Effective English for Teachers by Annapurna Madhuri, licensed under CC BY-NC SA 4.0. / Converted to text and minor edits.

Present Perfect Form Practice – Interrogative

Present perfect – interrogative (Text Version)

Rewrite the following sentences in interrogative form

Example: Svetta has eaten the whole pie.

Interrogative form: Has Svetta eaten the whole pie?

  1. Qiping has hidden the toys in her shelf.
  2. Rina and Sheila have reached the school.
  3. Ms. Kim has given milk to the puppies.
  4. The cat has caught the mouse.
  5. She has lived in Jordan for 5 years.
  6. The artists have used all the colours.
  7. His parents have advised him to join a good school.

Check your answers [3]

Activity source: “Present perfect – interrogative” by Annapurna Madhuri, edited by Sari Martin, from “Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Present Perfect ” In Effective English for Teachers by Annapurna Madhuri,  licensed under CC BY-NC SA 4.0. / Converted to text and minor edits.

Verb Tenses in Music

For a fun activity, search the web and find the following songs:

  • I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For by U2
  • In My Life by The Beatles

Can you hear the Present Perfect Tense in the lyrics?

 

Principal: I have had complaints from your teachers. What have you done? Student: Nothing. Principal: Exactly!
The Present Perfect Tense Joke by Virginia McHardy, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Attribution & References

Except where otherwise noted, “The Present Perfect Tense” by Sari Martin & Virginia McHardy is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    1. Mr. Roy has written a book.
    2. My father has gone to Shanghai.
    3. I have lost my pencil box.
    4. Rohan has lived in this house for five years.
    5. We have just arrived from Vancouver.
    6. Children have gone to bed.
    7. Mother has cooked soup for lunch today.
    8. Hannah has just boarded the bus.
    9. We have lived here for 10 years now.
    10. The shop has opened recently.
    ↵
    1. Qiping has not hidden the toys in her shelf.
    2. Rina and Sheila have not reached the school.
    3. Ms. Kim has not given milk to the puppies.
    4. The cat has not caught the mouse.
    5. Glen has not finished his homework.
    6. The artists have not used all the colours.
    7. She has not lived in Jordan for 5 years.
    8. I have received a parcel from my parents.
    ↵
    1. Has Qiping hidden the toys in her shelf?
    2. Have Rina and Sheila reached the school?
    3. Has Ms. Kim given milk to the puppies?
    4. Has the cat caught the mouse?
    5. Has she lived in Jordan for 5 years?
    6. Have the artists used all the colours?
    7. Have his parents advised him to join a good school?
    ↵

License

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Verb Tenses for English for Academic Purposes Copyright © 2019 by Sari Martin and Virginia McHardy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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https://doi.org/Effective English for Teachers

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