Types of Pedagogical Elements
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- overviews (previews)
- introductions
- outlines (text, bullets or graphics)
- focus questions (knowledge and comprehension questions)
- learning goals/objectives / outcomes/competences / skills
- case problem
- special features, e.g. vignettes, photos, quotations…
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- emphasis (bold) of keywords
- marginalia that summarize paragraphs
- lists that highlight main points
- summary tables and graphics
- cross-references that link backwards (or sometimes forwards) to important concepts
- markers to identify embedded subjects (e.g. an “external” term used that needs explanation)
- study and review questions
- pedagogical illustrations (concepts rendered graphically)
- tips (to help with misconceptions or procedural errors)
- reminders
- case studies
- problem descriptions
- debates and reflections
- profiles (case descriptions)
- primary sources and data
- models
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- conclusions and summaries (may include diagrams)
- list of definitions
- reference boxes (e.g. computer instructions)
- review questions
- self-assessment (usually simple quizzes)
- small exercises
- substantial exercises and problem cases
- fill-in tables to prepare a real-world task
- ideas for projects (academic or real world)
- bibliographies and links (that can be annotated
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