Glossary

process of viewing the interior of arteries

blood in the chest cavity

White blood cell(s)

substance or agent that produces disease

Specialist who studies the mind

pertaining to the testicles

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle in one minute is called the cardiac output

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in one contraction is called the stroke volume.

cuboidal-shaped stem cell

Excision of a testicle

away from the midline of the body

Movement away from the mid line of the body

Arterial blood gas. This test measures blood pH, oxygen and CO2 levels in a sample of arterial blood, usually taken from the wrist

Using extreme heat or extreme cold to destroy cells in part of the heart which were causing abnormal rhythms.

disorder that causes darkening and thickening of the skin on the neck, groin, underarms, or skin folds

skin tags, teardrop-sized pieces of skin that can be as large as raisins and are typically found in the armpits or neck area

Terms derived from the first letters of a phrase and are spoken as if they are a word on their own.

Specific immune mechanisms (against a specific pathogen) which take time to develop

Movement toward the midline of the body

Cancer that starts in the mucous glands

fat cells

fat

The outermost layer of the wall of a blood vessel

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, caused by infection with the HIV virus

antigens that evoke type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy) responses

a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue (Betts. et al., 2013)

absence of periods

surgical puncture (using a needle) to remove amniotic fluid for sampling.

Rupture of the amniotic sac

A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct

Also called anaphylaxis. An inhaled, ingested or injected (bee sting) allergen causes a significant drop in blood pressure along with contractions of smooth muscles of the airways

connections between two blood vessels (singular: anastomosis)

is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward (Betts, et al 2013)

male hormones

Lack of (without) sufficeint healthy red blood cells in the blood

ballooning of a blood vessel caused by a weakening of the wall (DeSaix, et al., 2013)

Weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to thin and balloon out, and possibly eventually burst, resulting in internal bleeding

chest pain

an x-ray of the coronary blood vessels using a special catheter and an injection of dye

a balloon-tip catheter is fed through a blood vessel up to the site of the narrowing, the balloon is inflated to re-open the artery. A stent is sometimes placed at the site to reinforce the arterial wall and to prevent re-occlusion.

abnormal condition of stiffness

without oxygen

in opposition to each other

before childbirth

pertaining to the front

Pertaining to front

proteins that will mount an immune response against B antigens

treatments that work effectively against a virus.

a group of medications that counteract the effects of male hormones.

Antiobiotics are medications that stop bacterial infections.

also called immunoglobulins, proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to a non-self antigen

A substance that provokes an immune response. This happens because the immune system sees the antigen as foreign, or 'non-self" (does not belong in that body)

class of medications used to treat high blood pressure

against (modifying) psychosis

treatment that works against the virus replication

Relating to or denoting an apex.

programmed cell death

Pertaining to appendages

absence of a regular heart rhythm

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

A very small artery that leads to a capillary

hardening of arteries

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Thick walled that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart (DeSaix, et al., 2013)

painful joint(s)

Inflammation of the joints

surgical fusion of a joint through ossification of bones

Instrument that contains a small camera on a tube with a light. This is a tool used to view the inside of a joint.

Also known as joints. It is where bones meet bones or bones meet joints.

pertaining to without symptoms

a complete absence of electrical activity in the heart, which is represented by a flat line on ecg

a hardening of the arteries that involves the accumulation of plaque

not typical

listening to the heart using a stethoscope

a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger.

self inoculation

unconsciously regulates

atrioventricular: the area of the heart where the atria and ventricles meet

Atrioventricular valves: mitral (bicuspid) valve allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle, tricuspid valve allows blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle

without blood vessels

armpit

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

specialized cells that sense changes in blood pressure

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, a physical barrier to keep pathogens out of the body

Also known as greater vestibular glands they are responsible to secrete mucus to keep the vestibular area moist

noncancerous, harmless

A by-product of the body's metabolism

pertaining to both sides

two lobes

pertaining to two or both eyes

process of viewing living tissue to examine for presence, cause or extend of disease

large artery in the upper arm near the biceps muscle

pertaining to a slow heart (rate)

Walls of the bronchi are thickened out (expanded) with inflammation and infection because cilli can no longer sweep out debris leading to dyspnea.

substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles

(also, Cowper’s glands) glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation

a cuplike cavity or structure

abnormal cells in the body dividing uncontrollably.

A microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissues through perfusion

The sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products.

causing cancer

pertaining to the heart

The combination of one complete relaxation or filling phase (diastole) and one complete contraction or ejection phase (systole)

Is the heart muscle also known as the myocardium. Its appearance is similar to skeletal muscle. It pumps blood and gives the heart beat.

is an indentation on the surface of the left lung

Cardiac output is the measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles, and is usually measured in liters per minute. Any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate or stroke volume or both, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow.

The pericardial sac surrounding the heart has filled with blood or other fluid and the resulting pressure is preventing the heart from beating effectively

the regulatory protein for muscle contraction

Cardio=pertaining to the heart
genic=originating from, created by
Cardiogenic means originating from the heart

Study of the heart

ridge of cartilage that separates the two main bronchi

large artery in the neck

CD4 is the receptor that HIV uses to get inside T cells and reproduce. CD4+ helper T cells play an important role in T cell immune responses and antibody responses. (Betts et al., 2013)

Inflammation of the intestines caused by exposure to gluten (https://www.cdc.gov/ibd/what-is-IBD.htm)

includes the brain and spinal cord

A centrifuge is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to spin test tubes at a high speed in order to separate components in a liquid by weight.

Produced by the brain is a colourless fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord.

region of the adult brain that is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness

Inflammation of the cervix

opening to the uterus

Stop/stopping

cells that sense changes in chemical levels

Movement in response to chemicals; a phenomenon in which injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical “911” call, attracting more leukocytes to the site.

surgical crushing of stones in the common bile duct

suturing of the gall bladder for repair

Condition of stones in the common bile duct

softening of cartilage

A small piece of placenta is taken and tested to determine potential for birth differences

a condition that lasts a long time with periods of remission and exacerbation

Chronic inflammation is ongoing inflammation that can be caused by foreign bodies, persistent pathogens, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Betts et al., 2013)

A sac-like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs by way of the left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk. (Betts et al, 2013)

broadening of the nails and exaggerated curvature of the nails

cavities that do not open to the outside

inflammation of the colon

surgical fixation of they vagina by suturing it to the abdominal wall

A word root with a combining form vowel.

The combining form vowel is used to join word parts and to ease pronunciation.
The most common combining form vowel is an "o" but sometimes it is an "i" or an "e".

the ability of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict as needed

The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air. Several structures within the conducting zone perform other functions as well. The epithelium of the nasal passages, for example, is essential to sensing odors, and the bronchial epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens (Betts, et al., 2013).

present at birth

Curved outwards

pertaining to the arteries that supply the heart

In a coronary bypass procedure, a non-vital superficial vessel from another part of the body (often the great saphenous vein) or a synthetic vessel is inserted to create a path around the blocked area of a coronary artery.

also called coronary artery disease (CAD); the blood vessels that supply blood to the myocardium become hardened and narrowed, impairing the delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle

Congenital fissure of the skull. The bones of the skull fail to close.

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine, consuming ATP

A type of inflammatory bowel disease

Undescended testicle

undescended testes that don't drop before birth

Histologically, tonsils do not contain a complete capsule, and the epithelial layer invaginates deeply into the interior of the tonsil to form tonsillar crypts. (DeSaix et al., 2013)

Computerized tomography: a special 3-dimensional x-ray, also called CAT=Computerized Axial Tomography

abnormal condition of blue (bluish colour, lips, and nail beds) caused by deoxygenation.

pertaining to abnormal discolouration of blue (bluish colour, lips and nail beds) caused by deoxygenation.

chemical that sends a message from one cell to another

substance that composes cells

cell-killing

The removal of an amino group from a molecule.

excision of damaged tissue or foreign object.

Lymphatic vessels of the organs

The lysozyme enzyme and proteins which have antibacterial properties (Betts, et al., 2013)

lose a large amount of water from the body

loss of fluids/water is greater than what is taken in.

Pertaining to dendrites

pertaining to dermatology

instrument used to cut skin

Study of diseases of the skin.

The layer that is made of dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures

A muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder

An endocrine system disorder in which the pancreas does not produce insulin or the cells of the body do not respond to insulin. This results in high levels of glucose in the blood.

The process of removing substances, purifying, adding, and then returning the purified substance.

An example is hemodialysis, blood is removed from an artery, purified through dialysis, vital substances added, and then the blood is returned through a vein.

dia- = “through”; -pedan = “to leap”

sweating

A flat, dome shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity

The diastolic pressure is the lower value (usually about 80 mm Hg) and represents the arterial pressure of blood during ventricular relaxation, or diastole.

double vision

Away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment

Condition of increased production of urine

toward the back

washing the vagina with fluid

connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta in the fetal heart

painful periods

painful intercourse

difficult digestion

difficulty swallowing

difficult breathing

difficult birth

painful urination

ECG/EKG both these abbreviations mean electrocardiogram or a recording of the electrical impulses in the heart

process of using sound to record the heart

swelling

radiographic image of electrical activity in the heart

instrument used to record electrical activity within the heart

process of recording electrical activity of the heart

The study of electrical properties of cells and tissues

clear protein rich in lipids

a freely moving piece of a substance (plaque or blood clot) that travels through the circulation until it blocks a smaller blood vessel, cutting of the supply of oxygen to the tissue

The process of breaking down the fat into smaller blood cells which makes it easy for enzymes to function and digest food.

innermost layer of the heart

The study of endocrine glands and hormones

The innermost layer containing a connective tissue lining covered by epithelial tissue that lines the lumen.Provides the site of implantation for a fertilized egg
Sheds during menstruation if no egg is fertilized.

Process of viewing internally

the lining of the lumen of a blood vessel

pertaining to within the trachea

outer layer of skin, made of closely packed epithelial cells

Pertaining to the epididymis

(plural = epididymides) coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation

swelling of the epididymis

The epiglottis, attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea (Betts. et al., 2013)

also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter and produced by the adrenal glands

the ends of long bones, singular is epiphysis

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that plays an important role in the homeostasis of red blood cells levels in the body

Terms that are named after a place or person.

balance

HDN: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. Discussed in the chapter about Blood, this is a immune reaction between maternal and fetal blood due to the Rh antigen.

red blood cells

abnormal reduction in number of (healthy) red blood cells produced

abnormal condition of excessive production of red blood cells

Pertaining to the esophagus

normal breathing

increase in severity of a problem

remove by cutting out

Waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys and skin.

to secrete externally, directly or through a duct

Molecules are transported out of cells. A form of active transport

exhalation or the process of causing air to leave the lungs

The external nose consists of the surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions

hemopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones

fibrous tissue

The fauces is the opening at the connection between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages

pain in the fibrous tissues of muscles

additional words that makes the definition complete.

opening between right and left atria, which is normal in the fetal heart

superior portion of the vagina

Conservation of the body core heat results in the skin actually freezing

A part of a hollow organ

haploid reproductive cells that contribute genetic material to form an offspring

surgical removal of (part or all of) the stomach.

enlarged stomach

process of viewing the stomach

the combining of gene segments from two different pathogens

pertaining to tongue and throat

The glottis is composed of the vestibular folds, the true vocal cords, and the space between these folds (Betts et al, 2013)

reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones

GVHD: in bone marrow transplants; occurs when the transplanted cells (the 'graft') mount an immune response against the recipient's (the 'host') tissue

The great vessels include the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Specialist in the study and treatment of the female reproductive system

The study of the female reproductive system

growth in the breasts

located at the anterior region of the nasal cavity and is composed of bone

high-density lipoprotein, often referred to as 'good' cholesterol

an abnormal heart sound

The number of times the heart contracts in one minute.

The vomiting of blood

A lab test which measures the percentage red blood cells in a sample of whole blood. It represents how much of the person's blood is made up of red blood cells, by volume.

The process in which the body produces blood.

excision of half of the colon

slight paralysis of one side of the body (right or left)

Breaking apart of the erythrocyte cell membrane, allowing its contents to leak out

also called hematopoiesis; from the Greek root haima- = “blood”; -poiesis = “production”

Chemical messengers which promote the proliferation and differentiation of formed elements and include erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins.

excessive or uncontrolled bleeding from the blood vessels

the process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss

Location where the diaphragm has a small opening (hiatus) through which the esophagus passes before connecting.

A concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs

excess hair all over the body

Involved in the inflammatory response and typically causes itching.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus. An infectious disease, usually transmitted via blood or sexual fluids. It attacks the immune system and can lead to full-blown AIDS

biological process that results in stable equilibrium

swelling of the scrotum cause by fluid collection in the sheath surrounding the testicle

Relating to the equilibrium of liquids and the pressure exerted by liquid at rest.

higher than normal levels of cholesterol in the blood

Excessive fat in the blood

excessive development or growth

forced breathing or breathing that is excessive

Reacting to something that would not normally evoke a reaction

High blood pressure

state of excessive production of thyroid hormone

excessive development; increase in the size of cells but not the number of cells

Literally means below the dermis. The layer of the skin below the dermis that is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues

deficient sugar in the blood

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus

a collection of nucleic nerve tissue - has function in both the autonomic and endocrine systems - regulates homeostasis

Underactive thyroid gland, insufficient production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

hypo=below, lower than normal, volemic=pertaining to volume (in this case, the volume of blood in the body)

low blood oxygen levels

literally: 'lower than normal amount of oxygen to tissues'. Hypoxia means that a tissue is not getting enough oxygen to survive and cell death is likely.

Surgical removal of the uterus

instrument used to visualize the uterus

After an infection, memory cells remain in the body for a long time and can very quickly mount an immune response against the same pathogen if it tries to re-infect. This protects us from getting diseases from the same pathogen over again.

ICD, an electronic implant that provides an automatic shock to convert a dangerous heart rhythm to a normal heart rhythm

a firm, raised reddened patch of skin

cells and tissues that have died, often due to a complete disruption in the blood and oxygen supply

invasion by disease causing organisms

pertaining to below

One of the two largest veins in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the torso and legs back to the heart.

Fast-acting non-specific immune mechanisms that are present from birth

inhalation or process of breathing air into the lungs

the wall separating the right and left atria.

Between cells

pertaining to between the ribs

Early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins (Betts et al., 2013)

nasal cavity

Between cells of the tissues, often used interchangeably with 'intercellular'

Fluid that has leaked out of blood capillaries into the tissue spaces

Spaces between individual cells in the tissues (Betts et al., 2013)

The wall of myocardium that separates the right and left ventricles

Inside the cell membrane or within the cell

pertaining to within the muscle

pertaining to within the vein

Insufficient blood and oxygen to cells of an organ. These cells are starving for oxygen, but they are still alive.

ischemia is a condition in which cells receive insufficient amounts of blood and oxygen

yellowing

Yellow coloured

Rheumatoid Arthritis that affects children causing swelling and stiffness of the joints. Also referred to as juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

formation of a raised or hypertrophic scar

cells that manufacture and store the protein keratin

body movement

lips of the mouth

The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats

process of viewing internal organs

incision into the abdominal cavity

pertaining to the larynx

which borders the oropharynx, trachea, and esophagus (De Saix, et al., 2013)

The larynx is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs (Betts. et al., 2013) AKA the voice box

pertaining to the side

low-density lipoprotein, often referred to as 'bad' cholersterol

Periods of weakness

A cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes. It may involve only one specific type of leukocyte from either the myeloid line (myelocytic leukemia) or the lymphoid line (lymphocytic leukemia). In chronic leukemia, mature leukocytes accumulate and fail to die. In acute leukemia, there is an overproduction of young, immature leukocytes. In both conditions the cells do not function properly (Betts, et al., 2013)

also spelled leucocyte, these are white blood cells

white skin

formation of white blood cells

pertaining to the tongue

collection of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria of the root of the tongue

resembling fat

follows the rules exactly

lower back pain

A hollow passageway through which blood flows

An autoimmune disease in which the body mounts an immune response against its own tissues, causing chronic inflammation and tissue damage

Lymph is the term used to describe interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system (Betts et al., 2013)

A series of vessels, tissues and organs that remove interstitial fluid from the tissues and return it the blood, transport dietary lipids and carry out several important immune functions (DeSaix et al., 2013)

Large lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empty it into the blood via lymphatic ducts (Betts et al., 2013)

lymph cells, a type of white blood cell

Resembling lymph or lymphatic tissues

Lymphoma is a form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues. These leukocytes do not function properly, and the patient is vulnerable to infection. (Betts. et al., 2013)

pertaining to an exceptionally large head or cranium

A type of white blood cell that engulfs bacteria, foreign particles and damaged cells

a type of leukocyte (usually a monocyte) that has the ability to ingest and destroy other cells or pathogens

A disorder that occurs when people are unable to absorb nutrients from their diets

Poor breakdown of food

cancerous

surgical repair of the breast particularly after a mastectomy

Excision of breast(s) and or breast tissue

A sensory neuron that responds to mechanical pressure

An inner region of specific structure such as the kidneys

A part of the brain stem responsible for control of heart rate and breathing.

tactile corpuscle that responds to light and touch, touch receptor

Tactile corpuscles that responds to light and touch, touch receptors.

cell that produces the pigment melanin

Specialized cells that produce melanin which is a dark pigment responsible for colouration of skin and hair.

tumour that develops in the melanocytes

A behaviour or mental pattern causing impairment of functioning.

mental health encompasses, psychological, emotional, and social well being

The bones that extend beyond the carpal bones of the wrist but before the phalanges of the fingers.

Cancer spreads from one part of the body into another

Production of cells that can mobilize and establish tumors in other organs of the body

cancer spreads from one area to another area

Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules, also called Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) are protein structures found on the outside of cells that help the immune system recognize non-self antigens

small head

instrument to view small particles by enlarging the particles

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells.

Also known as the bicuspid valve

Terms from the English language.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Highly detailed images produced using a strong magnet and radio waves

Mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the outside world, including the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and reproductive tracts

many births, refers to a woman who has birthed two or more live babies

It is a term used to describe a group of more than 100 neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive deterioration of muscle strength.

pain in the muscles

grave or serious muscle weakness

The inside of your nose.

The nasopharynx serves as an airway and is continuous with the nasal cavity

tissue death

new birth/ newborn - birth to four weeks.

prolapsed kidney

creation of artificial opening between the kidney and the skin

Collection of neurons; nerve cells

Relating to afferent nerves

chemicals acting as signaling molecules that enable neurotransmission.

Chemical messengers which transmit signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron to another neuron/nerve cell.

Sensory neurons that respond to pain

Urinating at night (usually excessive)

naming conventions

A natural chemical in the body that acts as both a stress hormone and neurotransmitter (a substance that sends signals between nerve cells). It's released into the blood as a stress hormone when the brain perceives stress.

no pregnancies

Specialist in obstetrics

blocked/blockage

sense of smell

less then expected (amount) of amnion fluid

Infrequent or irregular periods

Fatty tissue that stretches over the abdomen, plays a role in immune response and the growth of certain cancers

Specialist who studies and treats cancer

female gamete

surgical removal of the fallopian/uterine tubes

paralysis of eye muscle(s)

An antibody or an antimicrobial protein binds to a pathogen, thereby marking it as a target for phagocytes.

Excision/removal of the testicle.

The oropharynx is a passageway for both air and food and borders the nasopharynx and the oral cavity (Betts, et al., 2013)

the concentration of a solution

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

Inflammation of bones and joints

Softening of the bone(s)

abnormal condition of bones that are porous.

Pain in the ear

Inflammation of the external ear. Aka. swimmer's ear.

inflammation of the middle ear

female gonads

An electronic implant that initiates a heart beat

thick or thickened skin

lamellated corpuscle that responds to vibration

a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat (pharynx)

A feeling in the chest that may be caused by an irregular heart rhythm

abnormal reduction or deficiency in all blood cell types

underlying dermal layer

relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

rest and relaxation phase

four small endocrine glands that are located beside the thyroid gland

disease causing agents

visual examination of the pelvis

pertaining to through the skin

The delivery of blood to an area/tissue/organ

pericardial fluid is a serous fluid which allow the 2 layers of serous pericardium to slide smoothly against each other as the heart beats

obstruction of vessels in peripheral regions of the body

all nervous tissue that is outside of the brain and spinal cord

pertaining to the outer sides of the field of vision

membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.

pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, as determined by the number of free hydrogen ions in the substance.

Cells that engulf and absorb bacteria and cell particles

also phagocytosed, this is the process by which certain cells are able to 'eat' other cells or substances by engulfing them

pertaining to the pharynx

A pharyngeal tonsil, also called an adenoid, is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx (De Saix, et al., 2013)

The pharynx is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities (Betts, et al., 2013). Also known as the throat.

Aversion or sensitivity to light

the organ of gas and nutrient exchange between the baby and the mother

a fatty material including cholesterol, connective tissue, white blood cells, and some smooth muscle cells

A type of B lymphocyte that produces antibodies which bind to specific foreign or abnormal antigens, in order to destroy them

Process that removes antibodies from the plasma portion of blood

Blood clotting cells also called thrombocytes.

An excessive amount of air is present in the thoracic cavity, outside of the lungs, putting pressure on the lungs and interfering with venous return, pulmonary function, and delivery of oxygen to the tissues

a disorder in which too many red blood cells are produced

A type of bone marrow disease that causes an excessive production of immature erythrocytes

excessive bleeding during one's period

inflammation of many muscles at one time

disease of many nerves

frequent urination

pertaining to behind

pertaining to behind

After a seizure

Pertaining to after birth

after birth

Word part at the beginning of a medical term that changes the meaning of the word root.

before birth

Bone marrow and thymus gland.

knowledge beforehand. For example stating what the expected outcome is before all the tests are in

reproduce rapidly

rapid increase in numbers.

face-down

body movement

Any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects.

doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation

situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

false pregnancy (patient has signs and symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant)

Consisting of closely packed cells which appear to be arranged in layers.

Specialty of the mind

The study of human behaviour to understand how humans interact with their physical environment.

Time directly after childbirth

artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk

A piece of a blood clot or other substance has broken free from its original location and traveled through the bloodstream to lodge in a smaller vessel in the lungs. This causes an obstruction in that vessel and hypoxia to the tissues supplied by that vessel.

very large artery referred to as a trunk, a term indicating that the vessel gives rise to several smaller arteries

A band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine

Fallopian tube fills with pus

A square or rectangular.

word parts that do not fit within the language rules

The apex of the renal pyramid

Renal pyramids are kidney tissues that are shaped like cones.

the respiratory zone includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange (Betts, et al., 2013)

net like

malignant cancer of the skeletal muscles

An autoimmune disorder in which the body mounts an immune response against its own joint tissues, causing inflammation and damage to the joints

surgical repair of the nasal cavity

Excessive bleeding from the nasal cavity (nose bleed) also called epistaxis

excessive flow or discharge from the nasal cavity (runny nose)

A painful condition in children where bones are misshapen due to a lack of calcium, causing bow leggedness

The part of each great vessel (aorta, pulmonary trunk, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava) that connects to the base of the heart

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that is commonly found in minor skin infections, as well as in the nose of some healthy people

collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that differs from normal skin

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Patients have essentially no adaptive (specific) immune system due to genetic defects which affect B cells and T cells

the white of the eye

external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes

ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers (Betts, et al., 2013)

Seroconversion is the reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels. As the antibody levels rise, the virus levels decline, and this is a sign that the immune response is being at least partially effective. Partially, because in many diseases, seroconversion does not necessarily mean a patient is getting well.(Betts et al., 2013)

You may recall that serous membranes throughout the body are folded back on themselves, which results in a double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid. The serous membrane surrounding the lungs is called pleura, The serous membrane surrounding the abdominopelvic organs is called peritoneum.

Also called sickle cell anemia: A genetic disorder involving the production of an abnormal type of hemoglobin which delivers less oxygen to tissues and causes erythrocytes to assume a sickle (or crescent) shape

a disease or disorder that often lacks signs or symptoms

A myocardial infarction without symptoms. The patient may not know that they are having an MI.

This is the rhythm set by the heart's pacemaker, the sinoatrial node and is usually approximately 60-90 beats per minute in a resting adult.

Also known as striated muscles. Skeletal muscles are responsible for voluntary muscle movement.

Also known as visceral muscles. Smooth muscle is mainly associated with the walls of internal organs. Smooth muscles are responsible for involuntary muscle movement.

located at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity and consists of muscle tissue

the minor component in a solution

male gamete (spermatozoon)

Process of producing sperm

diploid precursor cells that become sperm (singular = spermatogonium)

a blood pressure cuff attached to a measuring device, or gauge

Process of measuring the function of the lungs by measuring inhalation and exhalation of breath

Cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane

deepest layer of the epidermal

smooth translucent layer of the epidermis

pertaining to below the skin

A word part added to the end of a word that changes the meaning of the word root.

lymphatic vessels of the subcutaneous tissues of the skin

pertaining to above

One of the two largest veins in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the head and upper extremities back to the heart.

pertaining to below

face up

pertaining to above the scapula

flight or fight response

fight or flight responses

growing together

fainting

A group of symptoms that occur (run together) that are associated with a specific disease or pathology.

the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.

SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system recognizes its own cell antigens as being "non-self" and mounts an immune response against them. As a result, many body tissues and vital organs become chronically inflamed and damaged. (https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/facts/detailed.html#sle)

The systolic pressure is the higher value (typically around 120 mm Hg) and reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction, or systole.

condition of a fast heart (rate)

Substance or agent that produces or causes malformations

male gonads (singular = testis)

male gonad (testes=plural)

Inflammation of the testicles

An inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asia, in which maturation of the RBCs does not proceed normally. The most severe form is called Cooley’s anemia.

instrument used to measure temperature

specialized neurons that respond to changes in temperature

also called platelets, these are cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

A condition in which there are too many platelets

dissolution of a blood clot

formation of unwanted blood clots

shrinking of the thymus due to age

lymphocytes that develop into T-cells in the thymus gland

Also called organ rejection. The recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue, the graft, as non-self and mounts an immune response against it, ultimately destroying it.

The determination of MHC molecules in the tissue to be transplanted to better match the donor to the recipient

The trachea (windpipe) extends from the larynx toward the lungs

pertaining to across the skin

Arm muscle has three attachment points (lateral, medial and long) that join the humerus and scapula to the ulna

ear drum

Umami is a Japanese word that means delicious taste, and is often translated to mean savory

pertaining to one side

constriction or narrowing of the ureter

inflammation of the urethra

The uvula is a small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate (Betts, et al., 2013)

A vaccine is a killed or weakened pathogen or its components that, when administered to a healthy individual, leads to the development of immunological memory (a weakened primary immune response) without causing much in the way of symptoms (DeSaix et al., 2013)

specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood

(also, ductus deferens) duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens

literally means vessels of vessels

has numerous blood vessels

The smooth muscle layer in the blood vessel wall contracts, causing the vessel diameter to narrow. This increases blood pressure in the vessel.

The smooth muscle layer in the wall of the blood vessel relaxes, allowing the vessel to widen. This decreases blood pressure in the vessel.

blood vessels contract involuntarily (vasoconstriction) resulting in restricted blood flow

A blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart. In comparison to an artery a vein is thin-walled with irregular lumen (DeSaix, et al., 2013)

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

blood in the veins, particularly in the legs, remains stationary for long periods

Extremely small vein

Compliance is the ability of any compartment to expand to accommodate increased content. The greater the compliance of an artery, the more effectively it is able to expand to accommodate surges in blood flow without increased resistance or blood pressure.

pertaining to internal organs

Viscosity is the thickness of fluids that affects their ability to flow

sharpness of vision

assisted reproductive technology

Excrete (waste matter)

a soft, pale swelling at the site surrounded by a red zone (Betts et al., 2013)

the foundational meaning of a word.

Process of fertilization is complete and results in a single-celled diploid zygote with all the genetic instructions it needs to develop into a human.