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Introduction
Preface
1. Introduction
2. 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
3. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
4. 1.3 Functions of Human Life
5. 1.4 Requirements for Human Life
6. 1.5 Homeostasis
7. 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
8. 1.7 Medical Imaging
9. Introduction
10. 2.1 Elements and Atoms: the Building Blocks of Matter
11. 2.2 Chemical Bonds
12. 2.3 Chemical Reactions
13. 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
14. 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
15. Introduction
16. 3.1 The Cell Membrane
17. 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
18. 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
19. 3.4 Protein Synthesis
20. 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
21. 3.6 Cellular Differentiation
22. Introduction
23. 4.1 Types of Tissues
24. 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
25. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
26. 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion
27. 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
28. 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
29. Introduction
30. 5.1 Layers of the Skin
31. 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
32. 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
33. 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
34. Introduction
35. 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
36. 6.2 Bone Classification
37. 6.3 Bone Structure
38. 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
39. 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
40. 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
41. 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
42. Introduction
43. 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
44. 7.2 The Skull
45. 7.3 The Vertebral Column
46. 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
47. 7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
48. Introduction
49. 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
50. 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
51. 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
52. 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
53. 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
54. Introduction
55. 9.1 Classification of Joints
56. 9.2 Fibrous Joints
57. 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
58. 9.4 Synovial Joints
59. 9.5 Types of Body Movements
60. 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
61. 9.7 Development of Joints
62. Introduction
63. 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
64. 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
65. 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
66. 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
67. 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
68. 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
69. 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
70. 10.8 Smooth Muscle
71. 10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
72. Introduction
73. 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
74. 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
75. 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
76. 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
77. 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
78. 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
79. Introduction
80. 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
81. 12.2 Nervous Tissue
82. 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
83. 12.4 The Action Potential
84. 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
85. Introduction
86. 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
87. 13.2 The Central Nervous System
88. 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
89. 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
90. Introduction
91. 14.1 Sensory Perception
92. 14.2 Central Processing
93. 14.3 Motor Responses
94. Introduction
95. 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
96. 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
97. 15.3 Central Control
98. 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
99. Introduction
100. 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
101. 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
102. 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
103. 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
104. 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
105. Introduction
106. 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
107. 17.2 Hormones
108. 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
109. 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
110. 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
111. 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
112. 17.7 The Pineal Gland
113. 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
114. 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
115. 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
116. 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
117. Introduction
118. 18.1 An Overview of Blood
119. 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
120. 18.3 Erythrocytes
121. 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
122. 18.5 Hemostasis
123. 18.6 Blood Typing
124. Introduction
125. 19.1 Heart Anatomy
126. 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
127. 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
128. 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
129. 19.5 Development of the Heart
130. Introduction
131. 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
132. 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
133. 20.3 Capillary Exchange
134. 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
135. 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
136. 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
137. Introduction
138. 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
139. 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
140. 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
141. 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
142. 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
143. 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
144. 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
145. Introduction
146. 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
147. 22.2 The Lungs
148. 22.3 The Process of Breathing
149. 22.4 Gas Exchange
150. 22.5 Transport of Gases
151. 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
152. 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
153. Introduction
154. 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
155. 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
156. 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
157. 23.4 The Stomach
158. 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
159. 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
160. 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
161. Introduction
162. 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
163. 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
164. 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
165. 24.4 Protein Metabolism
166. 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
167. 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
168. 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
169. Introduction
170. 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
171. 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
172. 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
173. 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
174. 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
175. 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
176. 25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
177. 25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
178. 25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
179. 25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
180. Introduction
181. 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
182. 26.2 Water Balance
183. 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
184. 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
185. 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
186. Introduction
187. 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
188. 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
189. 27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
190. Introduction
191. 28.1 Fertilization
192. 28.2 Embryonic Development
193. 28.3 Fetal Development
194. 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
195. 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
196. 28.6 Lactation
197. 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
Appendix
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Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © 1999-2016 by Rice University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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