Chapter 8 – Key Terms

abduction movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers

acetabular labrum lip of fibrocartilage that surrounds outer margin of the acetabulum on the hip bone

adduction movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together

annular ligament intrinsic ligament of the elbow articular capsule that surrounds and supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint

anterior cruciate ligament intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from anterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur; resists hyperextension of knee

anterior talofibular ligament intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between talus bone and lateral malleolus of fibula; supports talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot

atlanto-occipital joint articulation between the occipital condyles of the skull and the superior articular processes of the atlas (C1 vertebra)

atlantoaxial joint series of three articulations between the atlas (C1) vertebra and the axis (C2) vertebra, consisting of the joints between the inferior articular processes of C1 and the superior articular processes of C2, and the articulation between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

calcaneofibular ligament intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the calcaneus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus bone at the ankle joint and resists excess inversion of the foot

circumduction circular motion of the arm, thigh, hand, thumb, or finger that is produced by the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

coracohumeral ligament intrinsic ligament of the shoulder joint; runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the anterior humerus

deltoid ligament broad intrinsic ligament located on the medial side of the ankle joint; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess eversion of the foot

depression downward (inferior) motion of the scapula or mandible

dorsiflexion movement at the ankle that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg

downward rotation movement of the scapula during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward direction

elbow joint humeroulnar joint

elevation upward (superior) motion of the scapula or mandible

eversion foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline

extension movement in the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint (straightens the joint); motion involving posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position

femoropatellar joint portion of the knee joint consisting of the articulation between the distal femur and the patella

fibular collateral ligament extrinsic ligament of the knee joint that spans from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula; resists hyperextension and rotation of the extended knee

flexion movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint (bends the joint); motion involving anterior bending of the vertebral column

glenohumeral joint shoulder joint; articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of the humerus; multiaxial ball-and-socket joint that allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation of the humerus

glenohumeral ligament one of the three intrinsic ligaments of the shoulder joint that strengthen the anterior articular capsule

glenoid labrum lip of fibrocartilage located around the outside margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula

humeroradial joint articulation between the capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius

humeroulnar joint articulation between the trochlea of humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna; uniaxial hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm

hyperextension excessive extension of joint, beyond the normal range of movement

hyperflexion excessive flexion of joint, beyond the normal range of movement

iliofemoral ligament intrinsic ligament spanning from the ilium of the hip bone to the femur, on the superior-anterior aspect of the hip joint

inversion foot movement involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline

ischiofemoral ligament intrinsic ligament spanning from the ischium of the hip bone to the femur, on the posterior aspect of the hip joint

lateral (external) rotation movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline of the body

lateral flexion bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side

lateral meniscus O-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia

lateral tibiofemoral joint portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the lateral condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee

ligament of the head of the femur intracapsular ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the hip bone to the head of the femur

medial (internal) rotation movement of the arm at the shoulder joint or the thigh at the hip joint that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body

medial meniscus C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the medial condyle of the femur and medial condyle of the tibia

medial tibiofemoral joint portion of the knee consisting of the articulation between the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial condyle of the femur; allows for flexion/extension at the knee

meniscus articular disc

opposition thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

patellar ligament ligament spanning from the patella to the anterior tibia; serves as the final attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle

plantar flexion foot movement at the ankle in which the heel is lifted off of the ground

posterior cruciate ligament intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from the posterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the medial condyle of the femur; prevents anterior displacement of the femur when the knee is flexed and weight bearing

posterior talofibular ligament intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the ankle joint, between the talus bone and lateral malleolus of the fibula; supports the talus at the talocrural joint and resists excess inversion of the foot

pronation forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm forward to the palm backward position

protraction anterior motion of the scapula or mandible

pubofemoral ligament intrinsic ligament spanning from the pubis of the hip bone to the femur, on the anterior-inferior aspect of the hip joint

radial collateral ligament intrinsic ligament on the lateral side of the elbow joint; runs from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to merge with the annular ligament

reposition movement of the thumb from opposition back to the anatomical position (next to index finger)

retraction posterior motion of the scapula or mandible

rotation movement of a bone around a central axis (atlantoaxial joint) or around its long axis (proximal radioulnar joint; shoulder or hip joint); twisting of the vertebral column resulting from the summation of small motions between adjacent vertebrae

rotator cuff strong connective tissue structure formed by the fusion of four rotator cuff muscle tendons to the articular capsule of the shoulder joint; surrounds and supports superior, anterior, lateral, and posterior sides of the humeral head

subacromial bursa bursa that protects the supraspinatus muscle tendon and superior end of the humerus from rubbing against the acromion of the scapula

subtalar joint articulation between the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot; allows motions that contribute to inversion/eversion of the foot

supination forearm motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position

talocrural joint ankle joint; articulation between the talus bone of the foot and medial malleolus of the tibia, distal tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula; a uniaxial hinge joint that allows only for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

tibial collateral ligament extrinsic ligament of knee joint that spans from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia; resists hyperextension and rotation of extended knee

ulnar collateral ligament intrinsic ligament on the medial side of the elbow joint; spans from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial ulna

upward rotation movement of the scapula during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in a downward direction

zygapophysial joints facet joints; plane joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae