Chapter 7 – Key Terms
abduct move away from midline in the sagittal plane
abductor moves the bone away from the midline
abductor digiti minimi muscle that abducts the little finger
abductor pollicis brevis muscle that abducts the thumb
abductor pollicis longus muscle that inserts into the first metacarpal
adductor moves the bone toward the midline
adductor brevis muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh
adductor longus muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh
adductor magnus muscle with an anterior fascicle that adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh, and a posterior fascicle that assists in thigh extension
adductor pollicis muscle that adducts the thumb
agonist (also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion
antagonist muscle that opposes the action of an agonist
anterior compartment of the arm (anterior flexor compartment of the arm) the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
anterior compartment of the forearm (anterior flexor compartment of the forearm) deep and superficial muscles that originate on the humerus and insert into the hand
anterior compartment of the leg region that includes muscles that dorsiflex the foot
anterior compartment of the thigh region that includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg
anterior scalene a muscle anterior to the middle scalene
appendicular of the arms and legs
axial of the trunk and head
belly bulky central body of a muscle
bi two
biceps brachii two-headed muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm while assisting in supinating it and flexing the arm at the shoulder
biceps femoris hamstring muscle
bipennate pennate muscle that has fascicles that are located on both sides of the tendon
brachialis muscle deep to the biceps brachii that provides power in flexing the forearm.
brachioradialis muscle that can flex the forearm quickly or help lift a load slowly
brevis short
calcaneal tendon (also, Achilles tendon) strong tendon that inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle
caval opening opening in the diaphragm that allows the inferior vena cava to pass through; foramen for the vena cava
circular (also, sphincter) fascicles that are concentrically arranged around an opening
convergent fascicles that extend over a broad area and converge on a common attachment site
coracobrachialis muscle that flexes and adducts the arm
deep anterior compartment flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
deep lateral rotator muscle group the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris that laterally rotate the femur at the hip
deep posterior compartment of the forearm (deep posterior extensor compartment of the forearm) the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
deltoid shoulder muscle that abducts the arm as well as flexes and medially rotates it, and extends and laterally rotates it
diaphragm skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is dome-shaped at rest
dorsal group region that includes the extensor digitorum brevis
dorsal interossei muscles that abduct and flex the three middle fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend them at the interphalangeal joints
erector spinae group large muscle mass of the back; primary extensor of the vertebral column
extensor muscle that increases the angle at the joint
extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle that extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris muscle that extends and adducts the hand
extensor digiti minimi muscle that extends the little finger
extensor digitorum muscle that extends the hand at the wrist and the phalanges
extensor digitorum brevis muscle that extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus muscle that is lateral to the tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus muscle that is partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
extensor indicis muscle that inserts onto the tendon of the extensor digitorum of the index finger
extensor pollicis brevis muscle that inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
extensor pollicis longus muscle that inserts onto the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
extensor radialis longus muscle that extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
extensor retinaculum band of connective tissue that extends over the dorsal surface of the hand
external intercostal superficial intercostal muscles that raise the rib cage
external oblique superficial abdominal muscle with fascicles that extend inferiorly and medially
extrinsic muscles of the hand muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers and originate on the arm
fascicle muscle fibers bundled by perimysium into a unit
femoral triangle region formed at the junction between the hip and the leg and includes the pectineus, femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and deep inguinal lymph nodes
fibularis brevis (also, peroneus brevis) muscle that plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and everts it at the intertarsal joints
fibularis longus (also, peroneus longus) muscle that plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and everts it at the intertarsal joints
fixator synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist
flexion movement that decreases the angle of a joint
flexor muscle that decreases the angle at the joint
flexor carpi radialis muscle that flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle that flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist
flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle that flexes the little finger
flexor digitorum longus muscle that flexes the four small toes
flexor digitorum profundus muscle that flexes the phalanges of the fingers and the hand at the wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis muscle that flexes the hand and the digits
flexor hallucis longus muscle that flexes the big toe
flexor pollicis brevis muscle that flexes the thumb
flexor pollicis longus muscle that flexes the distal phalanx of the thumb
flexor retinaculum band of connective tissue that extends over the palmar surface of the hand
fusiform muscle that has fascicles that are spindle-shaped to create large bellies
gastrocnemius most superficial muscle of the calf
gluteal group muscle group that extends, flexes, rotates, adducts, and abducts the femur
gluteus maximus largest of the gluteus muscles that extends the femur
gluteus medius muscle deep to the gluteus maximus that abducts the femur at the hip
gluteus minimus smallest of the gluteal muscles and deep to the gluteus medius
gracilis muscle that adducts the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee
hamstring group three long muscles on the back of the leg
hypothenar group of muscles on the medial aspect of the palm
hypothenar eminence rounded contour of muscle at the base of the little finger
iliacus muscle that, along with the psoas major, makes up the iliopsoas
iliocostalis cervicis muscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the cervical region
iliocostalis group laterally placed muscles of the erector spinae
iliocostalis lumborum muscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the lumbar region
iliocostalis thoracis muscle of the iliocostalis group associated with the thoracic region
iliopsoas muscle muscle group consisting of iliacus and psoas major muscles, that flexes the thigh at the hip, rotates it laterally, and flexes the trunk of the body onto the hip
iliotibial tract connective tissue that inserts onto the tibia
inferior extensor retinaculum cruciate ligament of the ankle
inferior gemellus muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
infraspinatus muscle that laterally rotates the arm
innermost intercostal the deepest intercostal muscles that draw the ribs together
insertion end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the structure (usually a bone) that is moved when the muscle contracts
intercostal muscles muscles that span the spaces between the ribs
intermediate group of midpalmar muscles
internal intercostal muscles the intermediate intercostal muscles that draw the ribs together
internal oblique flat, intermediate abdominal muscle with fascicles that run perpendicular to those of the external oblique
intrinsic muscles of the hand muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers and originate in the palm
lateral compartment of the leg region that includes the fibularis (peroneus) longus and the fibularis (peroneus) brevis and their associated blood vessels and nerves
lateralis to the outside
latissimus dorsi broad, triangular axial muscle located on the inferior part of the back
linea alba white, fibrous band that runs along the midline of the trunk
longissimus capitis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the head region
longissimus cervicis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the cervical region
longissimus group intermediately placed muscles of the erector spinae
longissimus thoracis muscle of the longissimus group associated with the thoracic region
longus long
lumbrical muscle that flexes each finger at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend each finger at the interphalangeal joints
maximus largest
medial compartment of the thigh a region that includes the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
medialis to the inside
medius medium
middle scalene longest scalene muscle, located between the anterior and posterior scalenes
minimus smallest
multifidus muscle of the lumbar region that helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
multipennate pennate muscle that has a tendon branching within it
oblique at an angle
obturator externus muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
obturator internus muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
opponens digiti minimi muscle that brings the little finger across the palm to meet the thumb
opponens pollicis muscle that moves the thumb across the palm to meet another finger
origin end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to another structure (usually a bone) in a fixed position
palmar interossei muscles that abduct and flex each finger at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend each finger at the interphalangeal joints
palmaris longus muscle that provides weak flexion of the hand at the wrist
parallel fascicles that extend in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle
patellar ligament extension of the quadriceps tendon below the patella
pectineus muscle that abducts and flexes the femur at the hip
pectoral girdle shoulder girdle, made up of the clavicle and scapula
pectoralis major thick, fan-shaped axial muscle that covers much of the superior thorax
pectoralis minor muscle that moves the scapula and assists in inhalation
pelvic girdle hips, a foundation for the lower limb
pennate fascicles that are arranged differently based on their angles to the tendon
piriformis muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
plantar aponeurosis muscle that supports the longitudinal arch of the foot
plantar group four-layered group of intrinsic foot muscles
plantaris muscle that runs obliquely between the gastrocnemius and the soleus
popliteal fossa diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee
popliteus muscle that flexes the leg at the knee and creates the floor of the popliteal fossa
posterior compartment of the leg region that includes the superficial gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris, and the deep popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior
posterior compartment of the thigh region that includes muscles that flex the leg and extend the thigh
posterior scalene smallest scalene muscle, located posterior to the middle scalene
prime mover (also, agonist) principle muscle involved in an action
pronator quadratus pronator that originates on the ulna and inserts on the radius
pronator teres pronator that originates on the humerus and inserts on the radius
psoas major muscle that, along with the iliacus, makes up the iliopsoas
quadratus femoris muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
quadratus lumborum posterior part of the abdominal wall that helps with posture and stabilization of the body
quadriceps femoris group four muscles, that extend and stabilize the knee
quadriceps tendon tendon common to all four quadriceps muscles, inserts into the patella
rectus straight
rectus abdominis long, linear muscle that extends along the middle of the trunk
rectus femoris quadricep muscle on the anterior aspect of the thigh
rectus sheaths tissue that makes up the linea alba
retinacula fibrous bands that sheath the tendons at the wrist
rhomboid major muscle that attaches the vertebral border of the scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae
rhomboid minor muscle that attaches the vertebral border of the scapula to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae
rotator cuff (also, musculotendinous cuff) the circle of tendons around the shoulder joint
sartorius band-like muscle that flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the leg at the hip
scalene muscles flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head; contribute to deep inhalation
semimembranosus hamstring muscle
semitendinosus hamstring muscle
serratus anterior large and flat muscle that originates on the ribs and inserts onto the scapula
soleus wide, flat muscle deep to the gastrocnemius
spinalis capitis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the head region
spinalis cervicis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the cervical region
spinalis group medially placed muscles of the erector spinae
spinalis thoracis muscle of the spinalis group associated with the thoracic region
splenius posterior neck muscles; includes the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
splenius capitis neck muscle that inserts into the head region
splenius cervicis neck muscle that inserts into the cervical region
sternocleidomastoid major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head
subclavius muscle that stabilizes the clavicle during movement
subscapularis muscle that originates on the anterior scapula and medially rotates the arm
superficial anterior compartment of the forearm flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
superficial posterior compartment of the forearm extensor radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, and their associated blood vessels and nerves
superior extensor retinaculum transverse ligament of the ankle
superior gemellus muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip
supinator muscle that moves the palm and forearm anteriorly
supraspinatus muscle that abducts the arm
synergist muscle whose contraction helps a prime mover in an action
tendinous intersections three transverse bands of collagen fibers that divide the rectus abdominis into segments
tensor fascia lata muscle that flexes and abducts the thigh
teres major muscle that extends the arm and assists in adduction and medial rotation of it
teres minor muscle that laterally rotates and extends the arm
thenar group of muscles on the lateral aspect of the palm
thenar eminence rounded contour of muscle at the base of the thumb
tibialis anterior muscle located on the lateral surface of the tibia
tibialis posterior muscle that plantar flexes and inverts the foot
transversus abdominis deep layer of the abdomen that has fascicles arranged transversely around the abdomen
trapezius muscle that stabilizes the upper part of the back
tri three
triceps brachii three-headed muscle that extends the forearm
unipennate pennate muscle that has fascicles located on one side of the tendon
vastus intermedius quadricep muscle that is between the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis and is deep to the rectus femoris
vastus lateralis quadricep muscle on the lateral aspect of the thigh
vastus medialis quadricep muscle on the medial aspect of the thigh