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4 CNS – Integrated CNS Function

Objectives

  • Involuntary Movement
  • Voluntary Movement
  • Language
  • Sleep
  • Learning and Memory

Interactive Activities

Critical Thinking Questions

Learning Summary

  • Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes
    • Neural Pathways: series of neurons connected by synapses that form a line of communication for a specific task.
    • Reflex arc (Figure 9.18 Schematic representation of a reflex arc)
  • Classes of Reflexes: Level of neural processing (Spinal or Cranial), Efferent division controlling effector (Somatic or Autonomic), Developmental pattern (Innate or Conditioned), Number of synapses in the pathway (Monosynaptic or polysynaptic)
  • Stretch Reflex (Figure 9.19 The muscle spindle stretch reflex)
  • Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes (Figure 9.20 Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes)
  • Pupillary Light Reflex: Autonomic/cranial reflex, Innate reflex, Polysnaptic reflex, reflex arc
  • Voluntary Motor Control (Figure 9.21 Steps in voluntary movement)
    • Idea, Program, Execution, and Feedback
  • Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement: Pyramid Tracts, Extrapyramidal Tracts
  • Cerebellum and Motor Coordination (Figure 9.23 Major pathways for information flow to and from the cerebellum)
  • Basal Nuclei in Motor Control
  • Language: Wernicke’s and Broca’s
  • Sleep Theories: body rests, brain rest, enhances memory, enhances learning, supports adequate immune system.
  • Study of Sleep
    • Electroencephalography (EEG)
    • 2 types of sleep: slow-wave sleep and REM sleep (Table 9.4 Cjarctersitcs of Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep)
  • Sleep-wake cycles: Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), Forebrain
  • Sleep-Wake Neurotransmitters
    • Awake state: Acetylcholine, Norephineepherine and dopamine
    • Sleep state: Adenosine, Acetylcholine
  • EEG Waves
  • Stages of Sleep (Figure 9.27 Stages of Sleep)
  • Learning, Associative learning, Non-associative learning, Memory
  • Memory Process: Procedural and Declarative memory
  • Short-term and Long-term memory
    • Plasticity in the Nervous System: altar anatomy and function in response to changes in activity patterns.
    • Plasticity in the Nervous System: increased sensitivity NT causes increased sensitivity in postsynaptic cells.

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