4 CNS – Integrated CNS Function
Objectives
- Involuntary Movement
- Voluntary Movement
- Language
- Sleep
- Learning and Memory
Interactive Activities
Critical Thinking Questions
Learning Summary
- Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes
- Neural Pathways: series of neurons connected by synapses that form a line of communication for a specific task.
- Reflex arc (Figure 9.18 Schematic representation of a reflex arc)
- Classes of Reflexes: Level of neural processing (Spinal or Cranial), Efferent division controlling effector (Somatic or Autonomic), Developmental pattern (Innate or Conditioned), Number of synapses in the pathway (Monosynaptic or polysynaptic)
- Stretch Reflex (Figure 9.19 The muscle spindle stretch reflex)
- Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes (Figure 9.20 Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes)
- Pupillary Light Reflex: Autonomic/cranial reflex, Innate reflex, Polysnaptic reflex, reflex arc
- Voluntary Motor Control (Figure 9.21 Steps in voluntary movement)
- Idea, Program, Execution, and Feedback
- Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement: Pyramid Tracts, Extrapyramidal Tracts
- Cerebellum and Motor Coordination (Figure 9.23 Major pathways for information flow to and from the cerebellum)
- Basal Nuclei in Motor Control
- Language: Wernicke’s and Broca’s
- Sleep Theories: body rests, brain rest, enhances memory, enhances learning, supports adequate immune system.
- Study of Sleep
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- 2 types of sleep: slow-wave sleep and REM sleep (Table 9.4 Cjarctersitcs of Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep)
- Sleep-wake cycles: Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), Forebrain
- Sleep-Wake Neurotransmitters
- Awake state: Acetylcholine, Norephineepherine and dopamine
- Sleep state: Adenosine, Acetylcholine
- EEG Waves
- Stages of Sleep (Figure 9.27 Stages of Sleep)
- Learning, Associative learning, Non-associative learning, Memory
- Memory Process: Procedural and Declarative memory
- Short-term and Long-term memory
- Plasticity in the Nervous System: altar anatomy and function in response to changes in activity patterns.
- Plasticity in the Nervous System: increased sensitivity NT causes increased sensitivity in postsynaptic cells.