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Section One: The Fundamentals
A) What do we know about sport? What are common assumptions we make about sport and society?
With the statement “Sports reflect social values and norms,” it has come to my attention that although I can agree that sports usually reflect societal values, including teamwork, discipline, and competition, there is also critique within this statement. For example, this statement cannot always be applied in everyday situations. As some people view sports as manifestations of commercial interests and profit motives rather than expressions of broader social values. Professional sports appear to place greater importance on entertainment value and advertising revenue than on moral or cultural principles. As well, professional sports practices such as athlete exploitation and gender pay gaps, alongside violent sport promotion, oppose values of fairness and equity.
I find that within the realm of sports, they fail to represent the lived experiences or challenges faced by marginalized groups. The slow response of sports organizations to racial injustice and gender inequality results in their maintenance of antiquated or discriminatory standards instead of embracing contemporary social values. An example of this stems from when I was growing up; I noticed my diverse friends from different ethnic and religious backgrounds were prevented from playing some sports due to the activities contradicting their cultural values and principles, basically what they stood for. Another example would be for women from these communities, who faced restrictions against participating in violent or contact sports, which confined their activities to non-contact sports such as dance and tennis. Scheduled practices and games during essential prayer times formed yet another obstacle for individuals who wanted to participate in sports but also needed to uphold their cultural or religious obligations. This exclusion demonstrates how sports tend to support dominant cultural norms such as those of white, Catholic individuals in Canada while ignoring other groups. Furthermore, sports activities tend to endorse aggressive behavior and masculine traits along with competitive spirit, which could conflict with diverse personal beliefs. While sports are sometimes presented as forces of unity, I believe they do not truly embody the social values and norms of every individual. Although sports can be seen as a means to promote inclusivity and unity, they fundamentally function as a mirror of their surrounding culture and therefore exclude various people and groups from representation. The fact that many individuals share particular values and norms does not imply that sports represent the unique beliefs of every person. We must be able to understand how various perspectives and experiences oppose this concept while realizing that the current structure of sports fails to encompass every social value and norm. |
Exercise 3: Notebook prompt
What are some other metanarratives about sport that you are familiar with? Find an image or video clip or draw something yourself that captures this idea…
So what? Why does any of this matter? Does it matter? As something we grow up with – live with – play through – we don’t often interrogate the meanings of sport, and perhaps we don’t want to.
But being aware of these assumptions and metanarratives is especially important, I would argue, because of the centrality of sport to our everyday lives, the role that sport plays in shaping our childhood and worldviews and….. [finish that thought]
![]() My initial metanarrative understanding connects sports to masculine representation. Sports maintain masculine standards through an emphasis on endurance while promoting resilience and mental repression, which ties them to traditional representations of masculinity. Male athletes learn from youth that their athletic toughness and sports participation define their acceptance as sufficiently masculine and establish them as true men. This argument reinforces the metanarrative that violence in sports remains an accepted practice. Physical strength and aggressive tenacity in sports receive constant praise as core values. These qualities have become recognized as key factors for sports success and function as demonstrations of masculinity. The general belief holds that sports frequently involve violence and aggression while male athletes receive greater admiration when they display brutal behavior. These metanarratives become highly problematic because they create exclusion for athletes who fail to meet established standards. This image showcases numerous strong male athletes from the sports sector. My search results for “sports” immediately displayed images of male athletes who either represent their sport or endorse brands like Adidas, Nike, or Gatorade. The continuous display of male athletes in sports-related search results reinforces the stereotype that sports are primarily masculine activities. The lack of representation for women and gender nonconforming people in sports imagery creates the false perception that these groups lack athletic ability and cannot match men’s performance standards. In my view, sports advertisements and images display an unfair bias by predominantly showcasing top male athletes. What makes this metanarrative important, then? The metanarrative holds significance for me because it plays a major role in shaping cultural practices during everyday interactions. Sports serve as a platform that strengthens gender norms that shape daily life by embodying masculine attributes. The overarching story creates specific gender expectations for both men and women in sports and everyday life and causes unequal treatment. This metanarrative has had a significant impact on my personal identity because I am a female athlete who participated in sports throughout her youth and it has also influenced numerous other women who share similar experiences. Athletics served as a primary force in shaping my identity during my childhood years. The belief that athletic success needed masculinity shaped my entire athletic journey. Rugby was traditionally viewed as a masculine sport, which meant I learned to adopt aggressive male traits to achieve success despite this being totally off-base. This metanarrative proved harmful because it reshaped my entire sense of self and made me self-doubting while forcing me to present an unauthentic persona or to modify my behavior for a chosen group. The sports community may face significant exclusion problems that require an examination of masculinity concepts to understand their real impact. However, I would contend that awareness of these presumptions and metanarratives is particularly crucial due to the importance of sport in our daily lives, the influence it has on our upbringing and worldviews, and…… [ finish that thought] because it shapes our perceptions of our own identities and our place in the world. |
B) What is social justice?
Exercise 4: Padlet Prompt
Think back to the last section and try to look at some of the ideas we discussed differently. How might sport and social justice actually co-exist?
Record any images, video clips, or gifs you added to the padlet and identify a point of intersection between sport and social justice (can be an issue or a barrier or a debate or something you would like to explore in more depth in this course) . Screenshot or paste in your response below.
![]() The photo I thought to implement is a photo and quote from the 23-time Gold Olympic Medalist, Michael Phelps. This photo depicts a quote in which Phelps is very open about his struggle with mental health, specifically with depression and anxiety. Thus, this demonstrates the intersection of sports and social justice through advocacy and activism. I also believe this belongs under the health and wellbeing section of our padlet, as this quote also demonstrates the priority he made to promote his overall wellbeing. Michael Phelps is a prominent advocate for mental health support for athletes and the general public. His stories highlight the importance of removing barriers to mental health assistance, highlighting the need for enhanced mental health support systems worldwide. Not only do Phelps’s personal experiences serve as a powerful platform to confront mental health stigma, but they also use advocacy in ways that allow for increased understanding and assistance for those experiencing similar difficulties. His activism motivates athletic institutions to create environments that support overall well-being. With Phelps’s advocacy work, he connects sports with social justice, promoting fair access to resources and support, allowing for the notion of sports and social justice to co-exist with each other. His personal journey serves as a powerful tool for impactful activism, advancing personal health and promoting social reform. His advocacy work highlights the power of athletes as leaders with the power to drive social change and promote acceptance and understanding of mental health struggles. |
C) Social Justice Reading
(note: this activity is optional!)
D) KINESIOLOGY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
Exercise 5:
Exercise 6:
What are the implications of bodies-at-risk discourse and the refusal to understand the health gap from a social justice perspective, according to the authors of this article?
The reading “Social Justice in Kinesiology, Health, and Disability” emphasizes the bodies-at-risk dialogue and criticizes the lack of social justice perspective in understanding health disparities. The essay analyzes how society views marginalized people’s bodies as deficiencies needing correction due to the lack of a social justice perspective in the health gap analysis.I believe this idea fails to address larger structural problems that cause health disparities and instead blames the individual for their inability to adhere to health norms. The frequent focus of health discussions on white upper-class individuals maintains this perspective and excludes underprivileged groups from consideration. Literary sources identify this master narrative as a mechanism that both maintains injustice and racializes health disparities. The absence of a social justice framework discredits oppressed groups by dismissing intersectional dimensions and promoting a majoritarian perspective. Globalization under neoliberalism is another problem. The concept transforms health into an economic asset that disproportionately damages marginal groups but benefits the dominant white population and physically dominant individuals. Underrepresented groups continue to face inequality in sports and fitness sectors because the bodies-at-risk narrative persists without a social justice approach to health disparities. When social justice approaches were used to address the problem, they ended up serving to reinforce ableist Western views, which increased the marginalization of existing oppressed communities. The ramifications must make clear how social justice perspectives are essential to addressing health disparities. |
Section Two: Sport Feminism
Exercise 7: Notebook Prompt
What is feminism? What does it mean to you? Choose one of the images below and explain how it captures your understanding of feminism (or find one that does speak to you and paste this into your pressbook with an explanation of why it matters to you.
![]() I decided to choose a different image rather then the ones given in Blackboard. When you look up feminism in the google search bar, this is one of the first images that pop up, in which I believe is a perfect representation of what the word Feminsim is and embodies. Feminism stands as a worldwide movement fighting for equal rights for all women and gender non-conforming people without discrimination based on background. The movement opposes social inequality which targets women and gender non-conforming persons while striving for universal respect across all life areas. Feminism manifests through spoken word performances and art exhibitions alongside parades and stands as a collective battle for equality which focuses on intersectional identities. This approach investigates how multiple identities together influence people’s experiences with inequality and powerlessness. The picture of women marching together under banners that read “Women of the World Unite” and “Sisters of the World Unite” shows the core feminist principles of unity and collective power. The image demonstrates feminist advocacy by uniting different voices to pursue common objectives like gender equality as well as reproductive rights along with workplace equity and protection from violence. The power of community action combined with intersectionality acts as an essential part of the feminist movement, which allows this image to resonate with me. I also belive this photo is a perfect representation of what Feminism is, for every individual. It incorperates all ethnicities, which is what makes the notion of feminism so powerful. For no matter the difference between who we identify as individually, collectivly us women can unite and come together to support a cause that is worth more then just our identifacations, as depicted by the photo chosen. So why does feminism matter? Well, to me, feminism extends beyond personal conviction to become a movement that brings people together across international boundaries and diverse experiences to oppose systemic oppression.This can be seen within the photograph chosen, as the power of working together shows us that change can happen when we unite to fight for transformation. Feminism functions as both a social movement and a psychological approach that promotes fairness and empowerment for all people without regard to gender. Feminism works toward building a fairer world for everyone by opposing traditional norms while expanding opportunities and giving power to voices that have been historically suppressed. |
Exercise 8: Notes Prompt (optional)
What are the different kinds of feminism the authors outline and how do they connect to sport?
NB: Cornell notes is a great resource that teaches effective notetaking. Unfortunately, our system can’t save notes taken in the H5P app, so this is fully optional.
Exercise 9: Crossword Activity
Exercise 10: Padlet Prompt
![]() Black Feminism Black feminism focuses on the specific challenges encountered by Black women by tackling the combined effects of racial, gender, and economic discrimination. The lived experiences of Black women cannot be fully understood through mainstream feminist movements due to their focus on white middle-class women, as well as through anti-racism movements, as they frequently neglect gender issues. Black feminism highlights the marginalization and exclusion of Black female athletes in sports and supports their representation and celebration. This framework contests damaging stereotypes like “angry Black woman” and “strong Black woman” that restrict Black women’s potential in sports and societal interactions. Equality Within sports, equality means establishing equal chances for all genders through equal access to resources and opportunities as well as recognition. The equality initiative focuses on dismantling gender norms that limit women to certain roles within sports. Different feminist ideologies share equality as their central goal but propose distinct approaches to obtain it. Sports equality can only be attained through equal compensation for female athletes as well as equal media coverage and proper representation of women in leadership positions. Equality in sports needs the removal of systemic barriers that prevent marginalized groups from participating fully. Intersectionality The intersectionality framework examines how overlapping social identities, such as race and gender, create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege. Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept remains critical for sports analysis as overlapping identities of athletes influence their opportunities and treatment. To advance beyond tokenism, sports diversity initiatives must implement intersectional strategies that address the specific needs of every individual. Radical Feminism Radical feminism aims to eliminate fundamental sources of gender inequality by targeting patriarchy as the primary oppressive system. According to radical feminism, sports culture maintains norms that favor men while minimizing women, including the assumption that men’s competitions are naturally more exciting and worthy of financial support. Radical feminists call for sports restructuring to remove patriarchal biases and promote women’s achievements alongside reassessment of athletic success criteria. The approach fights against the treatment of women athletes as products while driving fundamental changes in sports governance and marketing practices as well as public perception. |

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