References
Adair, W., Kwantes, C. T., Stonefish, T., Badea, R., & Weir, W. (2017). Conversations about Aboriginal work experiences: Reflections for community members, organizations, and the academy. Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development, 10(2), 52–70.
Adams, G., Garcia, D. M., Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Steele, C. M. (2006). The detrimental effects of a suggestion of sexism in an instruction situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(5), 602–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.004
Aronson, J., Burgess, D., Phelan, S. M., & Juarez, L. (2013). Unhealthy interactions: the role of stereotype threat in health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300828
Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., Stewart, R. W., Luksyte, A., Hernandez, M., McKay, P. F., & Hebl, M. R. (2013). Examining the draw of diversity: How diversity climate perceptions affect job-pursuit intentions. Human Resource Management, 52(2), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21524
Beilock, S. L., Jellison, W. A., Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., & Carr, T. H. (2006). On the causal mechanisms of stereotype threat: Can skills that don’t rely heavily on working memory still be threatened? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(8), 1059–1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288489
Ben-Zeev, T., Fein, S., & Inzlicht, M. (2005). Arousal and stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(2), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.007
Blascovich, J., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D., & Steele, C. (2001). African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12(3), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00340
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: The cognitive domain. David McKay Co Inc.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield.
Boucher, K. L., Rydell, R. J., Van Loo, K. J., & Rydell, M. T. (2012). Reducing stereotype threat in order to facilitate learning. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.871
Brief, A. P., Umphress, E. E., Dietz, J., Burrows, J. W., Butz, R. M., & Scholten, L. (2005). Community matters: Realistic group conflict theory and the impact of diversity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 830–844.
Casad, B. J., & Bryant, W. J. (2016). Addressing stereotype threat is critical to diversity and inclusion in organizational psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00008
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. The American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
Cortland, C. I., & Kinias, Z. (2019). Stereotype threat and women’s work satisfaction: The importance of role models. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 7(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000056
Cotting, D. I. (2003). Shedding light in the black box of stereotype threat: The role of emotion. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 63(12-B), 6140.
Croizet, J.-C., Després, G., Gauzins, M.-E., Huguet, P., Leyens, J.-P., & Méot, A. (2004). Stereotype threat undermines intellectual performance by triggering a disruptive mental load. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204263961
Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1615–1628. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237644
Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., & Steele, C. M. (2005). Clearing the Air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women’s leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(2), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.276
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2), 229–273. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667087
Emerson, K. T., & Murphy, M. C. (2015). A company I can trust? Organizational lay theories moderate stereotype threat for women. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(2), 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214564969
Forbes, C. E., Schmader, T., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008). The role of devaluing and discounting in performance monitoring: A neurophysiological study of minorities under threat. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn012
Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta‐analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183
Grand, J. (2012). An examination of stereotype threat effects on knowledge acquisition in an exploratory learning paradigm [Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University]. MSU Library Digital Repository: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https://doi.org/doi:10.25335/M5F71W
Guendelman, M. D., Cheryan, S., & Monin, B. (2011). Fitting in but getting fat: Identity threat and dietary choices among U.S. immigrant groups. Psychological Science, 22(7), 959–967. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611411585
Holoien, D. S., & Shelton, J. N. (2012). You deplete me: The cognitive costs of colorblindness on ethnic minorities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 562–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.010
Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007). Interacting dimensions of diversity: Cross-categorization and the functioning of diverse work groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.11.2.79
Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. K. (2010). Stereotype threat spillover: How coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision making, and attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(3), 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018951
Johns, M., Inzlicht, M., & Schmader, T. (2008). Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining the influence of emotion regulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 691–705. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013834
Julien, M., Somerville, K., & Brant, J. (2017). Indigenous perspectives on work-life enrichment and conflict in Canada. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2015-0096
Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., & Kelly, E. (2006). Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review, 71(4), 589–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100404
Kang, S. K., & Inzlicht, M. (2014). Stereotype threat spillover: Why stereotype threat is more useful for organizations than it seems. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 7(3), 452–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12179
Kartolo, A., & Kwantes, C. T. (2019). Do you carry your attitudes and beliefs to work? A study of organizational culture and perceived discrimination in the workplace. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 38(6), 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-10-2018-0191
Kenny, E. J., & Briner, R. B. (2014). Stereotype threat and minority ethnic employees: What should our research priorities be? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(3), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12173
Koch, S. C., Muller, S. M., & Sieverding, M. (2008). Women and computers: Effects of stereotype threat on attribution of failure. Computers and Education, 51(4), 1795–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.007
Kray, L. J., & Shirako, A. (2012). Stereotype threat in organizations: An examination of its scope, triggers, and possible interventions. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application (pp. 173–187). Oxford University Press.
Krendl, A. C., Richeson, J. A., Kelley, W. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (2008). The negative consequences of threat: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying women’s underperformance in math. Psychological Science, 19(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02063.x
Lesko, A. C., & Corpus, J. H. (2006). Discounting the difficult: How high math-identified women respond to stereotype threat. Sex Roles, 54(1–2),113–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-8873-2
Mangels, J. A., Good, C., Whiteman, R. C., Maniscalco, B., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Emotion blocks the path to learning under stereotype threat. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(2), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq100
Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005). What differences make a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6(2), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2005.00022.x
Markus, H. R., Steele, C. M., & Steele, D. M. (2000). Color blindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and nonimmigrant minorities. In R. Schweder, M. Minow, & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Engaging cultural differences: The multicultural challenge in liberal democracies (pp. 453–472). Russell Sage Found.
Mobasseri, S., Goldberg, A., & Srivastava, S. B. (2019). What is cultural fit? From cognitive to behavior (and back). In W. H. Brekhus & G. Ignatow (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology, (pp. 305–339). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.013.17
Murphy, M. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2010). A culture of genius: How an organization’s lay theory shapes people’s cognition, affect, and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209347380
Murphy, M. C., Steele, C. M., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychological Science, 18(10), 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x
Muzzatti, B., & Agnoli, F. (2007). Gender and mathematics: Attitudes and stereotype threat susceptibility in Italian children. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 747–759. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.747
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
Nguyen, H.-H. D., & Ryan, A. M. (2008). Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1314–1334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012702
Pennington, C. R., Heim, D., Levy, A. R., & Larkin, D. T. (2016). Twenty years of stereotype threat research: A review of psychological mediators. PloS One, 11(1), Article e0146487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146487
Picho, K. (2016). The psychosocial experience of high school girls highly susceptible to stereotype threat: A phenomenological study. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(6), 608–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2015.1010192
Plaut, V. C., Garnett, F. G., Buffardi, L. E., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2011). “What about me?” Perceptions of exclusion and whites’ reactions to multiculturalism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022832
Plaut, V. C., Thomas, K. M., & Goren, M. J. (2009). Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities? Psychological Science, 20(4), 444–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02318.x
Pronin, E., Steele, C. M., & Ross, L. (2004). Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00088-X
Purdie-Vaughns, V., Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G., Ditlmann, R., & Crosby, J. R. (2008). Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615
Ryan, C. S., Hunt, J. S., Weible, J. A., Peterson, C. R., & Casas, J. F. (2007). Multicultural and colorblind ideology, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 617–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207084105
Rydell, R. J., Shiffrin, R. M., Boucher, K. L., Van Loo, K., & Rydell, M. T. (2010). Stereotype threat prevents perceptual learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(32), 14042–14047. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002815107
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.440
Smith, J. L., Sansone, C., & White, P. H. (2007). The stereotyped task engagement process: The role of interest and achievement motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.99
Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016). Stereotype threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
Stevens, F. G., Plaut, V. C., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2008). Unlocking the benefits of diversity: All-inclusive multiculturalism and positive organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886308314460
Taylor, V. J., & Walton, G. M. (2011). Stereotype threat undermines academic learning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(8), 1055–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211406506
Thomas, K. M. (Ed.). (2008). Diversity resistance in organizations. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Gangi, C. E., & Mendes, W. B. (2011). From “in the air” to “under the skin”: Cortisol responses to social identity threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(2), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210392384
von Hippel, C. (2012). Stereotype threat in the workplace. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Managing diversity in today’s workplace: Strategies for employees and employers, Vol. 1. Gender, race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and power, Vol. 2. Work-family integration strategies, Vol. 3. Workplace politics, Vol. 4. Multicultural management strategies for organizations (pp. 47–69). Praeger/ABC-CLIO.
von Hippel, C., Issa, M., Ma, R., & Stokes, A. (2011). Stereotype threat: Antecedents and consequences for working women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.749
von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Henry, J. D. (2013). Stereotype threat among older employees: Relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029825
von Hippel, W., von Hippel, C., Conway, L., Preacher, K. J., Schooler, J. W., & Radvansky, G. A. (2005). Coping with stereotype threat: Denial as an impression management strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.22
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Stereotype lift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00019-2
Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2007). A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82
Walton, G. M., Logel, C., Peach, J. M., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2014). Two brief interventions to mitigate a “chilly climate” transform women’s experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 468–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037461
Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., & Ryan, A. M. (2015). Stereotype threat in organizations: Implications for equity and performance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 523–550. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322
Walton, G. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2009). Latent ability: Grades and test scores systematically underestimate the intellectual ability of negatively stereotyped students. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1132–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02417.x
Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., & Erman, S. (2013). Affirmative meritocracy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 7(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01041.x
Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2000). Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and color-blind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 635–654.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.635
Woodcock, A., Hernandez, P. R., Estrada, M., & Schultz, P. W. (2012). The consequences of chronic stereotype threat: Domain disidentification and abandonment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029120
Wraga, M., Helt, M., Jacobs, E., & Sullivan, K. (2007). Neural basis of stereotype-induced shifts in women’s mental rotation performance. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl041