Section One: The Fundamentals
A) Keywords
Exercise 1:
Briefly (in 100 words or less) define one of the keywords in the padlet (including one that you. may have added yourself).

Colorblindness:
Defined as the idea that ignoring racial differences will create equality. People who support this view might say things like “I don’t see color” or “Race doesn’t matter.” While this may seem fair, it actually ignores the real inequalities that exist in areas like education, jobs, and policing. By pretending race doesn’t matter, colorblindness overlooks the ways racism still affects people’s lives. Instead of helping, it can make it harder to talk about and fix racial injustice.
An example can be seen in college admissions policies that claim to consider only academic performance and extracurricular activities without acknowledging the racial and socioeconomic factors that influence these areas. While the intention may be to create a fair system, this approach ignores the fact that students of color may face systemic barriers that affect their opportunities and achievements. By not considering race in admissions, colorblind policies fail to address these disparities and can perpetuate existing inequalities in higher education.
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B) Representing Race
Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt
In about 50-70 words, consider Joel Bervell’s question: why do we feel the need to extrapolate the athleticism of one Black athlete to all Black people when we do not do the same for white athletes?
Try to think of examples when this happens, making sure to reflect on your own positionality.
Joel Bervell’s question highlights how society generalizes the athleticism of Black athletes while not applying the same assumptions to white athletes. Other examples include, when Serena Williams dominates tennis, her athleticism is often attributed to her “raw power” or her physicality, rather than the years of training and dedication. In contrast, white athletes like Roger Federer are typically praised for their skill and technique without racial implications. As a white woman, I recognize how these stereotypes diminish the accomplishments of Black athletes by attributing their success to race-based assumptions, while white athletes are seen as the result of individual effort and talent.
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C) Gender, Race & Sport
Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt
What are some strategies for resistance that Rajack and Joseph identify in their article as a means of pushing back against and resisting misogynoir?

Rajack and Joseph highlight several ways to push back against the racism and sexism that Black women athletes face in sports media. One big strategy is letting Black women tell their own stories instead of letting the media control the narrative. Too often, their voices are ignored or distorted, so making space for them to define their own identities and experiences is key. They also talk about the need to call out biased media coverage, like when Serena Williams is painted as “angry” while white athletes showing the same emotion are seen as passionate, or when Naomi Osaka’s Haitian heritage is downplayed to fit a more acceptable image. Holding the media accountable for these double standards is an important step toward change. Another powerful tool is creating alternative spaces for representation, things like independent journalism, social media activism, and campaigns that show the full picture of Black women in sports, rather than reducing them to stereotypes. This helps shift the conversation and challenge the mainstream media’s usual framing. Finally, they emphasize the importance of community and allyship. Whether it’s other athletes speaking up, fans pushing back against unfair treatment, or journalists making an effort to report stories more fairly, change happens when people come together to demand better representation and respect for Black women in sports.
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Section Two: Making Connections
A) Athlete Activism
Exercise 3: Padlet Prompt
Do athletes have a responsibility to use their platform for social change? Why or why not? Please remember to record your response in both the padlet below and in your Notebook.

I think athletes absolutely have a responsibility to use their platform for social change, but only if they feel passionate about it. They have huge followings, and as Galily points out, they can reach people who might not normally engage with political or social issues. That kind of influence is rare, and it can make a real difference. Look at athletes like Jackie Robinson, Muhammad Ali, and LeBron James. Robinson didn’t just break baseball’s color barrier, he kept fighting for civil rights long after his playing days. Ali put his career on the line to stand against the Vietnam War. LeBron has spoken out on racial justice and even built a school for underprivileged kids. These athletes show that sports and activism can go hand in hand. Some people say athletes should “stick to sports,” but that idea is pretty flawed. Sports are part of society, and pretending they exist in some apolitical bubble just isn’t realistic. Plus, telling athletes to be quiet about important issues is its own kind of political statement; it’s a way of maintaining the status quo. Not every athlete has to be an activist, but the ones who want to use their voice should be supported, not told to “shut up and dribble.”
B) Athlete Activism & Feminism
Exercise 4: Complete the activities
Popular Feminism is associated with the following:
Fill in the missing words:
- Feminisms that gain visibility are often those that do not challenge structural arrangements.
- Feminist expressions that critique patriarchal structures and systems of racism and violence are more obscure.
Neoliberal feminism as defined by the article is associated with the following characteristics and priorities:
Drag the words into the correct boxes:
- Intersectional feminism is often less visible than other kinds of feminism. It identifies embedded relations of power. It argues that inclusion alone does not sufficiently address gender based inequality. Intersectional feminism attempts to address (structural forms of inequality in the recognition that domination and subordination operate simultaneously across multiple social locations such as gender, race, social class, sexuality*.
Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt
What do the authors of the article call for as a way of challenging how mainstream sports journalism privileges neoliberal feminist concerns? (100 words max.)

The authors argue that mainstream sports journalism needs to move beyond neoliberal feminist concerns, like pay equity, and focus more on intersectional activism led by diverse women athletes. While equal pay activism is widely accepted because it works within existing systems, movements like the WNBA’s fight against systemic racism are often ignored because they challenge deeper structural inequalities. They call for more visibility and media attention on activism that doesn’t just seek inclusion in current systems but actively pushes for systemic change, particularly in areas like racial justice, criminal justice reform, and economic inequality within women’s sports.
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C) Corporate social justice
Exercise 6: Padlet Poll
Read
this story by Ramsey Khabbaz contrasting the NFL stance on athlete activism with that of the NBA, especially in regards to BLM. Do sports leagues hold when it comes to BLM? Please respond to the padlet poll and record a brief rationale for your answer there in the space below. Remember to respond collegially to a classmate’s point (you may need to circle back at a later time if you are one of the first to post).
Sports leagues have a huge responsibility when it comes to BLM because they are powerful institutions that shape public conversations and influence millions of fans. Their responses can either support meaningful change or reinforce the status quo. The NBA has generally embraced athlete activism, allowing players to speak out and incorporating social justice messages into the league. In contrast, the NFL initially pushed back against protests, as seen with Colin Kaepernick, only later shifting its stance after public pressure. Leagues should actively support racial justice, not just when it’s convenient, but by backing players, funding initiatives, and using their platforms for real change.

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Section Three: Taking a shot
Module Assignment (submit as part of notebook and separately through Blackboard mini assignment #1 portal)

In the film 42 (2013), Jackie Robinson’s story is portrayed as one of both athletic excellence and racial activism, reflecting the intersection of sport and social justice. Robinson, as the first Black player in Major League Baseball, used his performance on the field as his primary strategy for speaking out against racial discrimination. As Branch Rickey, the Dodgers’ executive, advised him, Robinson had to endure taunts and insults without retaliation in order to prove that his talent, not his race, was what mattered. This restrained form of activism was seen as necessary for opening doors for future Black athletes. Robinson’s activism was also framed by the media, which, as Boyle and Haynes (2009) argue, is deeply involved in shaping the public’s perception of athletes and their activism. The film captures how Robinson’s success in the MLB, despite facing racial abuse, was a quiet yet powerful challenge to systemic racism.
Race, particularly the experience of Black athletes, is central to the way Robinson’s activism is represented in 42. As Sugden and Tomlinson (1994) note, sport is not just a trivial activity, but a space where social struggles unfold, and Robinson’s presence in the MLB acted as a form of resistance to racial segregation. Robinson’s restraint in the face of extreme racism contrasted with the emotional outbursts often seen in white athletes, creating a double standard in the way race and activism are framed in sports. Boyle and Haynes (2009) point out that while athlete activism is sometimes celebrated, there is a tendency to silence or discredit those who challenge the status quo too aggressively, a reality Robinson experienced in his time and which still applies to athletes like Colin Kaepernick today.
Through the portrayal of Robinson’s activism, 42 emphasizes that sport is never apolitical. It becomes a site for racial justice, with athletes using their platforms to challenge systemic inequalities. Robinson’s ability to endure racism and use it as a tool for activism made him a trailblazer for future athletes who would follow in his footsteps. This narrative shapes our understanding of sports by revealing how athletes can use their platform not just to play, but to challenge and change societal norms and systems of oppression.