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Section One: The Fundamentals

A) What do we know about sport? What are common assumptions we make about sport and society? 

Exercise 1: Before we go any further, I want you to take a moment and complete the phrases below:

 

While these statements might be true on one level, on another, they do not align with many people’s experience of sport, which brings us to our first class discussion forum.
 Exercise 2: Padlet response
 Speculate on why some of the statements/assumptions above might be untrue for some people or from a certain perspective. Is there anything your peers noted that surprised you? Comment on this as well.
 [type below or paste in a screenshot of your padlet participation] 
While sports are sometimes praised for encouraging collaboration and togetherness, this is not true for everyone. Sports may be discriminatory, divisive, or even detrimental to some people owing to reasons including prejudice, hyper-competitiveness, and economic restrictions. First, systemic disparities in sports can foster division rather than solidarity. Racism, misogyny, and homophobia are still prevalent in many sporting situations, making some people feel unwelcome or uncomfortable. For example, Indigenous and ethnic athletes have suffered prejudice in professional leagues, whereas LGBTQ+ athletes may be excluded or underrepresented. Second, sports can strengthen rather than weaken social hierarchies. In highly competitive workplaces, individual accomplishment frequently takes precedence over collaboration. Elite athletes are disproportionately rewarded, while others who do not succeed at the highest levels may feel unappreciated or isolated. This is particularly true in professional and collegiate sports, where financial incentives and sponsorships generate significant disparities. Furthermore, economic hurdles impede equal access to sports. Many organized sports have high equipment, training, and travel fees, making participation difficult for low-income people. Rather from creating togetherness, this fact has the potential to exacerbate already existing class differences. Finally, hyper-masculine sports cultures can encourage undesirable behaviours such as poisonous competition, hostility, and even physical injury. Athletes may feel compelled to comply rather than value true collaboration and mutual support. While sports might promote togetherness for some, they can also perpetuate exclusion, competitiveness, and societal differences, making the experience less enjoyable for others.

Exercise 3: Notebook prompt

What are some other metanarratives about sport that you are familiar with? Find an image or video clip or draw something yourself that captures this idea…

So what? Why does any of this matter?  Does it matter? As something we grow up with – live with – play through – we don’t often interrogate the meanings of sport, and perhaps we don’t want to.

But being aware of these assumptions and metanarratives is especially important, I would argue, because of the centrality of sport to our everyday lives, the role that sport plays in shaping our childhood and worldviews and….. [finish that thought] 

What Are the Health Benefits of Organized Sports? · Frontiers for Young Minds

Sport is more than a recreational activity; it is a strong social institution that affects identities, beliefs, and worldviews from infancy to maturity. We grow up steeped in sports culture, whether as participants, supporters, or passive viewers, without frequently analyzing its underlying implications. However, the assumptions and metanarratives contained in sport are important precisely because of their prevalence in our lives. Sport fosters prevailing social norms, concepts of competitiveness and nationalism, as well as gender, race, and class. For example, the exaltation of toughness and endurance in sports might influence our perceptions of success and failure outside of the game. Similarly, how sports media portrays athletes—who is lauded and who is marginalized—reflects greater social power dynamics. Furthermore, athletics has been a source of both tyranny and resistance. Sport is highly political, from the exclusion of Indigenous and coloured athletes to demonstrations led by celebrities such as Colin Kaepernick. The myths we accept about meritocracy in sports, which view success as solely dependent on skill and hard effort, sometimes mask the institutional impediments that influence participation and recognition. By critically interacting with sport rather than taking it for granted, we may gain a deeper understanding of how it reinforces or challenges societal injustices. Sport is not neutral; it has meaning, and examining those meanings helps us to understand it as both a mirror of and a struggle for the ideals we support. A more aware involvement with sports allows us to appreciate its ability to shape not only enjoyment, but also society.

… Our early experiences shape our worldview and reinforce societal institutions, beliefs, and hierarchies. Sport is more than simply a recreational activity; it is a cultural institution that reflects and reinforces society norms, power relations, and identities. Our participation in sports teaches us lessons about competitiveness, teamwork, gender roles, and nationality from a young age, sometimes without contemplating the deeper consequences. Who gets to participate, whose accomplishments are rewarded, and whose values are stressed are all influenced by historical and social factors that sport both reflects and strengthens.

 

 

B) What is social justice?

Exercise 4: Padlet Prompt 

Think back to the last section and try to look at some of the ideas we discussed differently. How might sport and social justice actually co-exist?

Record any images, video clips, or gifs you added to the padlet and identify a point of intersection between sport and social justice (can be an issue or a barrier or a debate or something you would like to explore in more depth in this course) . Screenshot or paste in your response below.

How Indigenous girls are building confidence through hockey | TVO Today

 

Sports have always been a battleground for social justice issues, particularly those concerning opportunity and access. A crucial point of intersection is the systematic constraints that underprivileged populations confront in accessing sports at all levels. Indigenous, Black, and low-income athletes face financial restrictions, a lack of infrastructure, and systematic prejudice that limit their involvement. One big concern is the expense of participation. Many sports are out of reach for persons from underprivileged backgrounds due to the high costs of equipment, travel, and training. Hockey, for example, is one of the most expensive sports in Canada, discouraging many Indigenous youngsters from playing despite their deep cultural links to the sport. Similarly, while basketball courts and soccer grounds are more readily available in cities, they are sometimes unavailable in rural and distant regions. Gender also influences access to sports. Women, non-binary, and Two-Spirit athletes continue to struggle for equitable opportunities, including financing, media exposure, and professional contracts. Another current controversy centres on the nexus of sports and social justice: the exclusion of trans athletes from competition. One method to overcome these hurdles is to launch grassroots organizations that offer financial assistance and mentorship programs. The emergence of social media has also helped to promote the tales of minority athletes, therefore combating systematic bias.

C) Social Justice Reading

D) KINESIOLOGY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

Exercise 5: 

Exercise 6:

What are the implications of bodies-at-risk discourse and the refusal to understand the health gap from a social justice perspective, according to the authors of this article?

The conversation around “bodies-at-risk” frequently stresses individual responsibility for health outcomes, overshadowing the larger societal variables that lead to health inequities. This viewpoint can lead to victim-blaming, in which people are held responsible for their health issues while ignoring systemic variables such as socioeconomic position, racism, and access to healthcare. By ignoring a social justice perspective, this rhetoric fails to address the underlying causes of health disparities, prolonging cycles of disadvantages and marginalization. Understanding the health gap via a social justice lens requires acknowledging how structural inequalities—such as poverty, discrimination, and disproportionate access to resources—have a significant influence on health outcomes. For example, structural violence, defined as societal systems that injure or disadvantage individuals, is a key contributor to health inequalities. These arrangements can cause needless injury by restricting access to vital services and opportunities, aggravating health disparities. By focusing primarily on individual behaviours, the “bodies-at-risk” language ignores crucial systemic challenges, impeding the development of comprehensive public health programs that address the underlying socioeconomic determinants of health. A social justice approach is critical for developing equitable health policies and interventions. It moves the emphasis from individual guilt to communal responsibility, pushing for reforms to social policies, economic institutions, and cultural practices that perpetuate health inequities. This approach encourages a more holistic view of health, recognizing that improving population health necessitates tackling the social and structural issues that contribute to disparity.

Section Two: Sport Feminism

Exercise 7: Notebook Prompt

What is feminism?  What does it mean to you? Choose one of the images below and explain how it captures your understanding of feminism (or find one that does speak to you and paste this into your pressbook with an explanation of why it matters to you.

 

Feminism is a movement and philosophy that promotes gender equality by confronting systematic oppression, prejudice, and patriarchal systems. It aims to create a society in which people of all genders enjoy equal rights, opportunities, and control over their bodies and lives. Feminism has numerous forms, including intersectional feminism, which acknowledges the impact of race, class, sexuality, and other identities on oppressive experiences. For me, feminism entails equality, justice, and empowerment. It is about removing barriers that limit chances for women, non-binary, and Two-Spirit people, as well as addressing how patriarchy impacts males. Feminism is more than just gender; it is about building an inclusive society in which everyone is recognized, respected, and given the opportunity to succeed. It is a personal and community commitment to addressing inequities, strengthening marginalized voices, and promoting systemic change in all parts of life.

The “We Can Do It!” picture, which is frequently linked with Rosie the Riveter, exemplifies my idea of feminism as a movement of resilience, strength, and communal empowerment. Originally developed during World War II to inspire women to enter labour markets, this picture has since come to represent gender equality and the battle against traditional limits. To me, this billboard reflects the strength of women rejecting established gender stereotypes and establishing their presence in all aspects of life, including the workplace, politics, and activism. It supports feminism’s objective of tearing down barriers and campaigning for equal chances. The resolute look and flexed arm represent resistance to injustice and the struggle for justice.

 

Exercise 8: Notes Prompt (optional)

NB: Cornell notes is a great resource that teaches effective notetaking. Unfortunately, our system can’t save notes taken in the H5P app, so this is fully optional.

Exercise 9: Crossword Activity 

Exercise 10:  Padlet Prompt

Create your own word cloud including all of the important terms and concepts covered in the article that were not included in the crossword activity! (Record or screenshot your response below).

 

 

Exercise 11: Padlet Discussion Prompt (optional) 
The illustration featured in this padlet (of a basketball with the word “women’s” eclipsing a basketball bearing the word “men’s” at the time of the solar eclipse) ran last year in a Philadelphia newspaper piece about how athletes like Angel Reese and Caitlin Clark were generating unprecedented enthusiasm for women’s sport. Do you feel the landscape is changing? Do people care about women’s sport?
The graphic of the basketball eclipse represents a changing scene in sports, with women’s sports receiving unprecedented attention and recognition. The careers of athletes such as Angel Reese and Caitlin Clark, as well as the growing popularity of the WNBA, NCAA women’s basketball, and the FIFA Women’s World Cup, show that people are interested in women’s sports—perhaps more than ever before. Social media has played an important part in this shift, allowing female athletes to manage their narratives, demonstrate their abilities, and fight long-held preconceptions. Sponsorship deals, media coverage, and fan engagement are all expanding, yet inequities persist. Pay disparities, a lack of equitable access to facilities, and concerns with media portrayal continue to impede development. However, events such as the 2023 NCAA Tournament’s record-breaking viewership indicate that change is underway. The issue now is to preserve this momentum and ensure that support for women’s sports is a long-term movement that reshapes the industry.

 

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This work (Gender, Sport, and Social Justice by Kelly McGuire) is free of known copyright restrictions.