"

1 Chapter One: Sports Feminism

Section One: The Fundamentals

A) What do we know about sport? What are common assumptions we make about sport and society? 

Exercise 1: Before we go any further, I want you to take a moment and complete the phrases below:

 

While these statements might be true on one level, on another, they do not align with many people’s experience of sport, which brings us to our first class discussion forum.          –  Completed
 Exercise 2: Padlet response
 Speculate on why some of the statements/assumptions above might be untrue for some people or from a certain perspective. Is there anything your peers noted that surprised you? Comment on this as well.
 [type below or paste in a screenshot of your padlet participation] 

While there are chances of social mobility through sports, this is not true everywhere, particularly in huge countries with very large populations and significant social inequalities. Structural barriers such as a lack of resources, scarce availability of quality coaching, and institutional bias confront the vast majority of aspiring sportsmen. In large nations, with intense competition and resources concentrated in specific regions or sports, poor group athletes are not likely to access the aid they need in order to build their careers.

Social mobility is also subjected to more limitations in such states due to disparity in infrastructure, economic resources, and access to education. Although there is ability and effort, not every player is accorded the same level of exposure or institutional backing. With millions competing for a finite number of professional opportunities, triumph for some cannot be mistaken for a free ride for all. The assumption that athletics is a guaranteed path to upward mobility all too often overlooks the reality that few ever reach the top tier. Without strong educational or career opportunities, many have no secure paths to sustained advancement.

Exercise 3: Notebook prompt

What are some other metanarratives about sport that you are familiar with? Find an image or video clip or draw something yourself that captures this idea…

So what? Why does any of this matter?  Does it matter? As something we grow up with – live with – play through – we don’t often interrogate the meanings of sport, and perhaps we don’t want to.

Kho Kho at SAI International Residential School | Childhood photography ...

One significant metanarrative in sports is the reinforcement of traditional gender norms, particularly in conservative societies. Growing up as AMAB in a traditionalist environment, I experienced firsthand how sports were used to define masculinity and shape expectations of what it means to be a “real man.” Aggressive, high-contact sports were seen as a duty for men, reinforcing the idea that strength and competitiveness were essential masculine traits.

At the same time, specific games were gendered in a way that reflected societal expectations. For example, sports like kho kho were traditionally reserved for women, while wrestling and other physically demanding sports were seen as a male responsibility. This division not only dictated which sports individuals were encouraged to play but also reinforced broader cultural narratives about gender roles. These rigid expectations can limit self-expression and participation in sports for those who do not conform to traditional gender norms, making it essential to challenge and rethink these long-standing assumptions.

But being aware of these assumptions and metanarratives is especially important, I would argue, because of the centrality of sport to our everyday lives, the role that sport plays in shaping our childhood and worldviews and the ways in which it reinforces or challenges societal norms, including those related to gender, identity, and power. Sports serve as more than just games; they act as cultural institutions that influence how we perceive competition, success, and belonging. By critically examining these metanarratives, we can better understand the implicit messages that shape our behaviors, challenge exclusionary practices, and work toward a more inclusive and equitable sporting environment.

B) What is social justice?

Exercise 4: Padlet Prompt 

Think back to the last section and try to look at some of the ideas we discussed differently. How might sport and social justice actually co-exist?

Record any images, video clips, or gifs you added to the padlet and identify a point of intersection between sport and social justice (can be an issue or a barrier or a debate or something you would like to explore in more depth in this course) . Screenshot or paste in your response below.

Sports have long served as a platform for social justice by providing access and opportunity to marginalized communities. Growing up in India, I witnessed how cricket and other sports became pathways for social mobility, especially for those lacking economic or educational privilege. Globally, sports have been instrumental in challenging systemic inequalities, from gender and racial disparities to barriers faced by differently abled individuals. Para-athletes, for instance, redefine societal perceptions of ability, demonstrating that physical limitations do not equate to a lack of skill or competitiveness. By fostering inclusion and empowerment, sports serve as a critical tool for advancing equity and social change.

Reading about the intersection of sports and social justice makes me reflect on how deeply personal this connection is. One of the posts in the Advocacy and Activism section connected to me. The activism of figures like Colin Kaepernick and Megan Rapinoe, alongside global campaigns like “Say No to Racism,” highlights how sports can be a force for justice. These movements make me think about the role of athletes in India and globally who continue to challenge norms and push for equity. At their core, sports are a powerful reminder that justice is not just about policy, it’s about action, inclusion, and breaking barriers one game at a time. This matters to me because I’ve seen firsthand how sports can break barriers, whether it’s giving underprivileged kids in India a shot at success or redefining what’s possible for differently abled individuals.

C) Social Justice Reading 

  (note: this activity is optional!)

D) KINESIOLOGY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

Exercise 5: 

Exercise 6:

What are the implications of bodies-at-risk discourse and the refusal to understand the health gap from a social justice perspective, according to the authors of this article?

For years, I internalized the belief that my struggles with weight and health were purely personal failures, assuming that with more discipline and self-control, I could “fix” my body. However, I have come to understand that this narrative is not only flawed but also deeply rooted in systemic biases that disproportionately affect marginalized communities.

 

The bodies-at-risk discourse frames individuals, particularly people of color, those in poverty, and individuals with disabilities, as inherently deficient. It shifts the responsibility for health outcomes onto individuals while ignoring the structural barriers that contribute to these disparities. This deficit-oriented perspective reinforces White normativity and obscures the historical and socio-economic forces that shape health inequities.

 

Refusing to examine the health gap from a social justice perspective allows the dominant narrative to persist. This narrative blames individuals rather than addressing the systemic inequities embedded within healthcare, education, and economic systems. True progress requires moving beyond deficit thinking and adopting an intersectional framework that prioritizes lived experiences, challenges structural oppression, and redefines health as a collective responsibility rather than an individual burden.

 

Section Two: Sport Feminism

Exercise 7: Notebook Prompt

What is feminism?  What does it mean to you? Choose one of the images below and explain how it captures your understanding of feminism (or find one that does speak to you and paste this into your pressbook with an explanation of why it matters to you.

 

This may contain: a woman speaking into a megaphone in front of a group of people holding signs

Feminism is a personal and evolving ideology that challenges institutionalized disparities and advocates for gender equality. Having only been introduced to this discussion in 2012, I still recognize the continuity of the struggle for women’s rights. Despite decades of organizing, gender discrimination remains embedded in the institutions of society. The struggle for equality is not merely a matter of understanding history, but also of the continuity of engagement with the institutions that perpetuate oppression.

Feminism is intersectional in nature, with a multiplicity of identities and experiences. It extends beyond gender to encompass queer feminism, trans feminism, and the experience of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Speaking as a queer individual, I have observed that hostility in society generally has misogyny as its source. The feminine, regardless of the person’s identity, is always countered, and the more reason why we need an open and broad-based feminist movement.

The selected photograph reflects this perspective. A woman is lifted above a crowd, addressing an audience with a tone of urgency through a megaphone. She is surrounded by protesters holding signs, one of which states, “Up from under, women unite.” The slogan highlights the call for united efforts to dismantle patriarchal systems.

Her face communicates determination, frustration, and fatigue, the emotional and physical costs of long-term activism. Yet she is unbowed. Her vocal protest is an example of the tenacity it takes to confront deeply rooted societal expectations.

Feminism takes solidarity and persistence. Feminism is a movement that extends beyond gender equality to address the broader intersections of race, class, gender identity, and sexuality. Although the struggle is tiresome, progress depends on continuous advocacy and support

 

Exercise 8: Notes Prompt (optional)

NB: Cornell notes is a great resource that teaches effective notetaking. Unfortunately, our system can’t save notes taken in the H5P app, so this is fully optional.

Exercise 9: Crossword Activity 

Exercise 10:  Padlet Prompt

Create your own word cloud including all of the important terms and concepts covered in the article that were not included in the crossword activity! (Record or screenshot your response below).

 

 

Exercise 11: Padlet Discussion Prompt (optional) 
The illustration featured in this padlet (of a basketball with the word “women’s” eclipsing a basketball bearing the word “men’s” at the time of the solar eclipse) ran last year in a Philadelphia newspaper piece about how athletes like Angel Reese and Caitlin Clark were generating unprecedented enthusiasm for women’s sport. Do you feel the landscape is changing? Do people care about women’s sport?

The illustration you referenced is a clever and symbolic representation of the shifting landscape in sports. By depicting the word “women’s” eclipsing “men’s” on the basketball, particularly around the time of a solar eclipse, the image subtly suggests that women’s sports are not only gaining visibility but are actively surpassing traditional narratives that have historically favored men’s sports. It visually captures how athletes such as Angel Reese and Caitlin Clark are propelling women’s basketball into the spotlight, generating unprecedented levels of excitement and engagement.

This phenomenon does not appear to be a temporary trend but rather a reflection of a broader cultural shift. The rise of icons such as Serena Williams in tennis and Simone Biles in gymnastics has demonstrated that women’s sports can command global attention, inspire millions, and redefine excellence. In countries such as India, athletes including Saina Nehwal in badminton and Sania Mirza in tennis have broken barriers and elevated women’s sports in regions where male athletes have traditionally dominated.

What makes women’s sports increasingly influential today is the compelling and inspiring stories behind the athletes. Fans connect with their journeys, not only their victories but also their struggles, resilience, and triumphs over adversity. Whether it is Biles prioritizing mental health on the Olympic stage, Williams leaving a legacy as a champion and mother, or Nehwal and Mirza serving as role models for young Indian girls, these athletes wield influence that extends beyond their respective sports.

With increasing media coverage, sponsorship deals, and expanding fanbases, it is evident that public interest in women’s sports is stronger than ever. The momentum is substantial, and the metaphorical eclipse of women’s sports over men’s in certain areas may signify the beginning of a new era in the global sports landscape.

 

License

Icon for the Public Domain license

This work (Gender, Sport, and Social Justice by Kelly McGuire) is free of known copyright restrictions.