10.10 Key Terms
Key Terms
- Biases: Systematic errors in thinking that affect the decisions and judgments that people make. 10.2
- Central Tendency: The tendency to avoid extreme ratings and to rate most items or individuals as average. 10.3
- Compensatory Model: A decision-making model in which a high score in one area can compensate for a low score in another area. 10.5
- Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preconceptions. 10.3
- Contrast Bias: The tendency to compare candidates to each other rather than to an objective standard. 10.3
- Cut-off Scores: Specific point scores used to determine whether an applicant has passed or failed a selection test. 10.6
- Fatigue: The impact of tiredness on an evaluator’s ability to make accurate judgments. 10.3
- Generalization Bias: The tendency to apply generalizations about a group to individual members. 10.3
- Groupthink: A phenomenon where the desire for group consensus overrides people’s common sense desire to present alternatives, critique a position, or express an unpopular opinion. 10.8
- Gut Feeling Bias: The reliance on intuitive feelings and immediate perceptions rather than objective analysis. 10.3
- “Halo” and “Horn” Effects: Cognitive biases where one’s overall impression of a person influences specific evaluations of their traits (positive for Halo, negative for Horn). 10.3
- Implicit Theories: Unconscious beliefs or assumptions about how certain characteristics or traits are related to each other. 10.2
- Leniency and Stringency: Tendencies to be either overly lenient or overly strict in evaluations. 10.3
- Multiple Cut-Off Model: A model where candidates must meet or exceed cut-off scores for each selection test. 10.6
- Multiple Hurdle Model: A model where candidates must pass each selection test in sequence before moving to the next one. 10.6
- Nonverbal Behaviour Bias: The tendency to be influenced by nonverbal cues in a manner that biases evaluations. 10.3
- Objective Sources: Sources of information that are factual and free from personal feelings or biases. 10.4
- Recency Bias: The tendency to weigh recent events more heavily than earlier events. 10.3
- Satisficing: A decision-making strategy that aims for a satisfactory or adequate result rather than the optimal solution. 10.1
- Similar-to-Me: The tendency to favour individuals who are similar to oneself. 10.3
- Stereotypes: Oversimplified generalizations about a group of people that can influence decision-making and evaluations. 10.3
- Subjective Sources: Sources of information that are based on personal opinions, interpretations, points of view, emotions, and judgment. 10.4
- Type 1 Error: Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis (a false positive). 10.7
- Type 2 Error: Incorrectly accepting a false null hypothesis (a false negative). 10.7
