"

2

Section One: The Fundamentals 

A) History and Context

Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt

Many aspects of his podcast episode shocked and surprised me!

  1. The doctors not disclosing why they were testing and examining Max, is such an invasion of her privacy and body. It is so disturbing they had an assumption that she was not a cis-gendered woman and poked and prodded her body, without her consent, to determine whether they considered her a woman. I think it is a disgusting invasion of privacy to have an assumption and believe that gives them the right to investigate a body without the individual’s consent.
  2. Another thing I considered was how ableist the discrimination of women with higher testosterone is in the sports industry. Hearing about many women’s situations made me think about how many women live with chronic illnesses such as polyovarian cystic syndrome that elevates their testosterone levels and how that chronic illness would prevent them from competing in sports because someone would no longer consider them women. That idea is so ableist and sexist that it is hard to wrap my mind around it.
  3. Another thing I found disturbing and fascinating was the prince’s ability to separate science from sports, but then use it to his advantage when it pleased him and he could use it to discriminate against women.

B) Timeline of History

Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt

What other significant case/milestone would you add to this timeline? Note it in your notebook along with a brief (one or two sentences) explanation of why you feel it is important.

Another milestone I would add to this timeline is in the 2020 Olympics, Laurel Hubbard competed as one of the first openly transgender women! She competed in the female weightlifting competition and while she lost after three failed lifts; she set a wonderful representation of fighting for rights and being true to oneself. This is important because it shows that your genetics or who you were born as does not give you a leg up in the competition, Laurel was competing against the best, she deserved to be there, and while she was assigned male at birth, she didn’t win, even though she gave it her all. She is an amazing representative for transgender athletes and how equality needs to be more commonplace within sports because the fear of transgender people competing in sports is not there to protect cis-gender women: it is wholly based on transphobia.

C) Gender coding in Sports 

Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt

Has the gendering of sport ever been a constraint on your involvement? How?

Or, if not, why do you think this is?

While I have never been heavily involved in sports, the sports I participated in were very feminine, as I was on the volleyball and dance team. In hindsight, while volleyball was not a co-ed sport, dance was and yet there were only a handful of boys on the team as it was always deemed the “girl” sport. However, there is one sport I was involved in that I have a hard time rendering, which is curling. The curling team was a co-ed sport, and I found no discrepancy between the genders of participants, both boys and girls were given opportunities to work together to advance their skills and power on the ice. All players were ranked on skill and how the actions were performed over power and strength. I think that is a good way of viewing sports, but looking at skill and ability over gender and the assumptions that come with it.

Despite that, I found in gym class I shied away from “masculine sports” such as football and hockey. While I knew I was no good at those sports (and that remains true today), a major component was the co-ed factor of the gym classes. In no way do I believe girls and boys shouldn’t be attending gym classes together, but I found the boys believed themselves to be better at those masculine sports and would exclude many of the girls from playing. What Katie says is very true, sports are not gendered, but they are culturally gendered. It is not a factual truth, but a cultural truth about gendered sports.

 

D) How is sport gendered in the popular imagination?

Exercise 4: Padlet/Notebook Prompt 

While most sports are in fact unisex, gender coding remains pervasive, particularly at the professional level, although with a foundation established in youth competition. Participate in the poll below to share your views on how popular sports are gendered in the popular imagination. Also feel welcome to add or suggest sports that you feel strongly conform to the gender binary!

After you contribute to the padlet prompt, record your response in your notebook AND briefly discuss in two or three sentences how these responses and the polling figures in general confirm or contradict your assumptions about gender-coding and sports. Did anything surprise you?

Cheerleading- Female

Softball- Female

Gymnastics- Female

Hockey- Male

Volleyball- Female

Basketball- Male

Powerlifting- Male

Soccer- Male

Football- Male

Most responses reflected my assumed and culturally taught gender associations toward the listed sports. However, one category surprised me, which was the most neutral votes for soccer. It is interesting because I so infrequently hear about female soccer teams, yet those who voted saw it as a neutral sport! I think that is amazing and made me reflect on why I do not watch women’s soccer over men’s (to be fair I watch little soccer) but I will look out for it more! Another thing that surprised me was how cheerleading and football (when I voted) were 100% female and male. It is interesting how feminised or masculinised they are due to gendered stereotypes, that women are graceful and dainty while men are strong and powerful, even though both sports require balance and strength.

 

Section Two: Breaking it down

A) Title IX

Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt 

In a longer version of the interview excerpted in the video above, Leah Thomas states “Trans women competing in women’s sports does not threaten women’s sports as a whole because trans women are a very small minority of all athletes and the NCAA rules around trans women competing in women’s sports have been around for 10+ years and we haven’t seen any massive wave of trans women dominating”?

Do you agree with this statement? See also the image above suggesting that the issue may be overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t actually care that much about women’s sports.

Please share any thoughts you have in your Notebook by clicking on the audio button above or writing a few sentences.

Of course, I agree with this statement because Leah Thomas is right! She mentions the fact of how few transgender women (and people in general) are competing in sports, which is true, there are so few transgender athletes in sports, especially professional sports, therefore they can’t be dominating any sport because they don’t have the numbers to do so. I think it is also important to note that just because they are transgender does not mean they are miraculously the best in their game, instead; they have to train, practice, win and fail, just as everyone else does. Thomas also has a point in specifying women’s sports because it is curious this is primarily a topic only regarding transgender women and not transgender men. It shows the problem sports have with women in particular and the deep sexism and transphobia that intersect so deeply in the sports industry. While this is a topic of “fairness” within women’s sports, this is also a hot topic of patriarchy and misogyny. Many believe women are still the weaker gender and therefore have no threat or leg up, regarding sports competitions and skill, over biological men. This is not only an issue of the individual being transgender, but also that they are a woman competing against women. It’s highlighting the harmful structures put in place to minimise all women, both cis-gender and transgender.

B) Unfair Advantage?

Exercise 6: Notebook Prompt

What does the host and writer, Rose Eveleth, have to say on the issue of unfair advantage?

Can you think of other examples of unique biological or circumstantial advantages from which athletes have benefitted enormously that have nothing to do with gender?

Rose brings up many points on the topic of unfair advantages. A main point that came across for me was the way the World Sports Organisation cared little about producing genuine research about the effects of testosterone in transgender and intersex athletes. Instead, their priorities seem to come from deeply rooted misogyny and transphobia. Their comments on medication to suppress testosterone as “gender-affirming care” show just how little they care about their female athletes and how their opinions are based wholly on cultural expectations for women. It is clear sports are culturally gendered, but for the sports organisations to claim a woman is not a woman if they do not fit within the cultural expectations of biology is absolutely disgusting. It simply reveals they do not care about fairness, they care about controlling women.

A simple biological advantage is having brown eyes. If any sport occurs outside in the sun, brown eyes will fare better than blue or green eyes, which are often known to be light sensitive. Therefore, the brown-eyed athlete could have better sight during their performance.

Exercise 7: Padlet/Notebook Prompt

Again, let’s turn to Katie Barnes who points out that we tend to forget amidst all the debate that “sports, by design, are not fair” (235), that “the reality of sports is that we accept unfairness all the time” (235).

Do you agree? Why? In your experience, how fair are sports? Feel welcome to add a video response in the padlet and provide an example if you’re willing. Make sure you include a screenshot of your response in your notebook.

In Favour- As discussed in the lecture and videos presented in chapter two, so many athletes are faced with disadvantages every day. A disadvantage I have seen through Barnes’ novel and the experiences of the cis-gendered and transgender female athletes is not being viewed as a “true” woman by external forces such as sports organisations and fans. A lot of the cultural expectations of what a woman is and is not are disadvantaging many female athletes, both cis-gender and transgender because they are rooted in misogyny and patriarchal values for women. For example, the women who had higher levels of testosterone were told taking medication that suppressed their natural hormones should be considered gender-affirming care and they should want to do it. It was never about being fair within sports, specifically women’s sports, it was only ever about how society views what a woman is and is not. Therefore, yes there are many aspects of sports that are unfair, many athletes have biological advantages that may make them faster, perform longer, jump higher, throw farther, etc. but the disadvantage I see the most is how all women are less than because they do not fit within the patriarchal and misogynist expectation for women.

 

B) The Paris Olympics 

Optional Response:

What does Robins mean when she argues that:

“The aims of transvestigating an Olympic athlete are not, in any meaningful sense, anything to do with sports, or fairness, or even with women (cis women, at least) as a social category. Rather, they have everything to do with transness, and the public expression of transfemininity.

For my money this has never been about sport.

What it has always been is an excuse to publicly relitigate the existence of trans women.”

Make a note in your Notebook.

 

 

 

 

 

 

License

Icon for the Public Domain license

This work (Gender, Sport, and Social Justice by Kelly McGuire) is free of known copyright restrictions.