11.11 References & Media Attributions

References

Ashton, J., & Seymour, H. (February 16, 2010). Public Health and the origins of the Mersey Model of Harm Reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21, 94-96. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395910000058?via%3Dihub

Bill C-5: An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. (2022). Its Read December 7, 2021, 44th Parliament, 1st Session. Retrieved from the Parliament of Canada website. https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-5/royal-assent

Canada. (December 2021). Opioid- and stimulant-related harms in Canada. Government of Canada. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/substance-related-harms/opioids-stimulants/

Canada. (October 21, 2022). Helping people who use substances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-use/helping-people-who-use-substances-covid-19.html

Canada. (June 2023). Federal actions on opioids to date. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/substance-use/problematic-prescription-drug-use/opioids/responding-canada-opioid-crisis/federal-actions/federal-action-opioids-to-date-june-eng.pdf

Canada. (September 14, 2023). Exemption from Controlled Drugs and Substances Act: Personal possession of small amounts of certain illegal drugs in British Columbia (January 31, 2023 to January 31, 2026). Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/controlled-substances-precursor-chemicals/policy-regulations/policy-documents/exemption-personal-possession-small-amounts-certain-illegal-drugs-british-columbia.html#a2.3

Canada. (June 2024). Federal actions on the overdose crisis. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/opioids/federal-actions/overview/overview-2024-en.pdf

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA). (n.d.). Lived and living. https://www.ccsa.ca/lived-and-living

Canadian Drug Policy Coalition (CDPC). (October 7, 2020). Discussion guide: Getting to tomorrow – Ending the overdose crisis, beyond COVID-19. https://gettingtotomorrow.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Discussion-Guide-EN.pdf.

Canadian HIV AIDS Legal Network. (July 2019). Prison-based needle and syringe programs: Myths & facts. https://www.hivlegalnetwork.ca/site/prison-based-needle-and-syringe-programs/?lang=en

Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA). (n.d.). Harm reduction. https://ontario.cmha.ca/harm-reduction/

Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. (June 1, 2016). Reducing harm, saving money: Results from a managed alcohol program in Ontario. Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/blog/reducing-harm-saving-money-results-managed-alcohol-program-ontario

CBC News. (March 25, 2021). Harm reduction dispensing machine now operating in Sackville. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/harm-reduction-vending-machine-sackville-1.5963339

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). (May 10, 2019). Overview of methadone maintenance treatment. https://www.porticonetwork.ca/web/knowledgex-archive/amh-specialists/overview-mmt

COM-CAP & Public Health Ontario. (September 2023). Substance use services with, and for, Indigenous Communities. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/Documents/S/2023/substance-use-services-indigenous-communities.pdf?rev=c50da5f26fea491caf6bfc937a0d9060&sc_lang=en

Csete, J. & Elliott, R. (May 21, 2021). Consumer protection in drug policy: The human rights case for safe supply as an element of harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102976

Department of Justice Canada. (n.d.). Principles – Respecting the Government for Canada’s relationship with Indigenous peoples. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/postereng.pdf 

Drug Policy Alliance. (n.d.). Naloxone. https://drugpolicy.org/issues/naloxone

Drug Policy Coalition. (May 4, 2021). Dispelling myths & fears around harm reduction. https://www.drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Evidence-Page-PDF3.pdf

First Nations Health Authority. (November 25, 2017). Indigenous harm reduction principles and practices: Fact sheet. https://www.fnha.ca/WellnessSite/WellnessDocuments/FNHA-Indigenous-Harm-Reduction-Principles-and-Practices-Fact-Sheet.pdf

First Nations Health Authority. (March 19, 2019). Indigenous harm reduction = Reducing the harms of colonialism. Canadian Substance Use Resource and Knowledge Exchange Centre (SURE). https://substanceuse.ca/sites/default/files/2021-04/Indigenous-Harm-Reduction-Policy-Brief.pdf

First Nations Health Authority. (January-December 2020). First Nations in BC and the toxic drug crisis. https://www.fnha.ca/AboutSite/NewsAndEventsSite/NewsSite/Documents/FNHA-First-Nations-in-BC-and-the-Toxic-Drug-Crisis-January-December-2020-Infographic.pdf

Harm Reduction International. (n.d.). What is harm reduction? https://www.hri.global/what-is-harm-reduction

Health Canada. (May 15, 2019). Government of Canada approves new treatment options for opioid use disorder and supports research treatment & harm reduction projects in Ontario. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2019/05/government-of-canada-approves-new-treatment-options-for-opioid-use-disorder-and-supports-research-treatment-and-harm-reduction-projects-in-ontario.html

Health Canada. (2023). Supervised consumption explained: Types of sties and services. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-use/supervised-consumption-sites/explained.html

Hyshka, E., Anderson-Baron, J., Karekezi, K., Belle-Isle, L., Elliott, R., Pauly, B., Strike, C., Asbridge, M., Dell, C., McBride, K., Hathaway, A. & Wild, T. (2017). Harm reduction in name, but not substance: A comparative analysis of current Canadian provincial and territorial policy frameworks. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(50). https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12954-017-0177-7 

Interagency Coalition on AIDS. (March 19, 2021). Indigenous harm reduction = Reducing the harms of colonialism. https://caan.ca/tools-and-resources/resource/indigenous-harm-reduction-reducing-the-harms-of-colonialism/

Interagency Coalition on AIDS. (May 18, 2021). Indigenous harm reduction policy. https://caan.ca/tools-and-resources/resource/indigenous-harm-reduction-reducing-the-harms-of-colonialism/

Ivsins, A., Pauly, B., Brown, M., Evans, J., Gray, E., Schiff, R., Krysowaty, B., Vallance, K. & Stockwell, T.  (April 9, 2019). On the outside looking in: Finding a place for managed alcohol programs in the harm reduction movement. International Journal of Drug Policy, 67, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.02.004

Jesseman, R. & Payer, D. (June 2018). Decriminalization: Options & evidence. Canadian Centre on Substance Use & Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Decriminalization-Controlled-Substances-Policy-Brief-2018-en.pdf

Johnson, M. (May 2, 2021). Meet the people putting Indigenous culture at the heart of addictions treatment. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/reconnecting-saves-lives-1.6010361

Kermin, N., Manoni-Millar, S., Cormier, L. Cahill, T. & Sylvestre, J. (May 31, 2020). It’s not just injecting drugs – Supervised consumption sites & the social determinants of health. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108078

Lavalley, J., Kastor, S., Valleriani, J., & McNeil, R. (December 17, 2018). Reconciliation & Canada’s overdose crisis: Responding to the needs of Indigenous Peoples. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 190, 1466-1467. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181093

Miller, T. (May 6, 2020). The Harm-reduction quandary of reducing adult smoking while dissuading youth initiation. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6). 788-789. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305688

National Harm Reduction Coalition. (2020). Principles of harm reduction. https://harmreduction.org/about-us/principles-of-harm-reduction/

O’Hare, P. (February 6, 2007). Merseyside, the first harm reduction conferences, and the early history of harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18(2), 141-144. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395907000047?via%3Dihub

Ontario. (n.d.). Recognize and temporarily reverse an opioid overdose. https://www.ontario.ca/page/get-naloxone-kits-free

Smith, A. (March 29, 2021). Canada’s hidden crisis: How COVID-19 overshadowed the worst year on record for overdose deaths. Calgary Herald. https://calgaryherald.com/news/postpandemic/canadas-hidden-crisis-how-covid-19-overshadowed-the-worst-year-on-record-for-overdose-deaths

Stockwell, T. (October 14, 2019). Canada needs an alcohol act to address the damage of this deadly carcinogen. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/canada-needs-an-alcohol-act-to-address-the-damage-caused-by-this-deadly-carcinogen-124569

The Chief Staff. (March 11, 2021). Stop calling it an ‘overdose” crisis, Squamish. The Squamish Chief. https://www.squamishchief.com/opinion/editorial-stop-calling-it-an-overdose-crisis-squamish-3533325

Tyndall, M. (2020). A safer drug supply: A pragmatic and ethical response to the overdoes crisis. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(34), E986-987. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201618

Understanding harm reduction: Substance use. (February, 2020). HealthLinkBC File Number 102a. https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/understanding-harm-reduction-substance-use

van den Berg, C., Smit, C, van Brussel, G., Coutinho, R. & Prins, M. (2007). Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: Evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users. Addiction, 102, 1454-1462. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x

van Saten, D., Coutinho, R., van den Hoek, A., van Brussel, G., Buster, M. & Prins, M. (2021). Lessons learned from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among people who use drugs: A historical perspective. Harm Reduction Journal, 18(2). https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12954-020-00444-6.pdf

Media Attributions

Algonquin College Library. (April 20, 2018). Umbrella Project Module 3-Myth vs Fact [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLWbWGpp7FM

ANKORS. (August 28, 2019). The harm reduction vending machine [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_2WPwadirE

CBC. (2008). Staying alive [Video]. The Fifth Estate. https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1367469592

CBC The National. (August 28, 2019). Free heroin: The B.C. clinic providing an alternative to dangerous street drugs [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7elDlhiFXlA

Cyfraw. (November 2011). Flag of the Netherlands.png [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.png

Fox, E. (April 2015). Safe consumption site [Photograph]. Talking Drugs. https://www.talkingdrugs.org/es/francia-aprueba-innovador-proyecto-de-ley-que-permite-las-habitaciones-para-consumir-drogas 

Haines, H. (January, 2020). Photo of Man laying on sidewalk [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-man-laying-on-sidewalk-3536259/ 

Living-Learning Programs. (October 2015). Insite Supervised Injection Site [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/living-learning/22168378995 

RiedleroD. (July 2021). Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg

SpinnerLaserzthe2nd. (September 2020). Flag of Canada (WFB).svg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(WFB).svg

Stonetree Harm Reduction. (n.d.). HepC BBV [Photograph]. https://stonetreeaus.wordpress.com/gallery/#jp-carousel-1690 

Stonetree Harm Reduction. (n.d.). MDMA poster [Photograph]. Stonetree Harm Reduction. https://stonetreeaus.wordpress.com/gallery/#jp-carousel-2055 

TED. (May 9, 2018). The harm reduction model of drug addiction treatment — Mark Tyndall [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/cfzkBGgxXGE

TEDx Talks. (December 3, 2019). Health & harm reduction: Rethinking conventional drug use & policy — Jeffrey Hom [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/7HP1a48MNFM

The Canadian Press. (January 27, 2020). Vending machine dispenses heroin substitute for at-risk users [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/OTx_Z58ZGwY

Unknown author. (2011). Injection kit Vancouver [Photograph]. https://www.opiateaddictionresource.com/media/images/harm_reduction/ 

Cover Photo: Heilman, J. (January 8, 2016). Naloxone Kit [Photograph]. WikiMedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NaloxoneKit.jpg