8.8 References & Media Attributions

Alcohol and Drug Foundation (ADF). (October 13, 2023). Decriminalisation in detail. https://adf.org.au/talking-about-drugs/law/decriminalisation/decriminalisation-detail/

Bogart, B. (July 21, 2020). The verdict: Canada’s legalization of cannabis is a success. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-verdict-canadas-legalization-of-cannabis-is-a-success-141968

Bollag, J. (August 12, 2023). Drug decriminalization policies work — With properly funded treatment services. Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/08/drug-decriminalization-policies-work-with-properly-funded-treatment-services

Bonn, M. (April 22, 2020). Decriminalizing drug use as we contain the coronavirus is the humane thing to do. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/ decriminalizing-drug-use-as-we-contain-the-coronavirus-is-the-humane-thing-to-do-136165

Canada. (October 17, 2019). Final Regulations: Edible Cannabis, Cannabis Extracts, Cannabis Topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf

Canada. (July 7, 2021). Cannabis Legalization and Regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/

Canadian Drug Policy Coalition (CDPC). (October 7, 2020). Discussion guide: Getting to tomorrow – Ending the overdose crisis, beyond COVID-19. https://gettingtotomorrow.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Discussion-Guide-EN.pdf.

Canadian Drug Policy Coalition (CDPC). (January 12, 2022). Decriminalization done right: A rights-based path for decriminalization policy. http://fileserver.idpc.net/library/EN-PTL-Decrim.pdf

Chu, S. (November 12, 2020). Decriminalizing people who use drugs: A primer for municipal and provincial governments. HIV Legal Network. https://www.hivlegalnetwork.ca/site/decriminalizing-people-who-use-drugs-a-primer-for-municipal-and-provincial-governments/?lang=en

Coffman, K. & Neroulias, N. (November 6, 2012). Colorado, Washington first states to legalize recreational pot. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-marijuana-legalization-idUSBRE8A602D20121107

Cussen, M. and Block, W. (January 7, 2003), Legalize drugs now! An analysis of the benefits of legalized drugs. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 59: 525-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/1536-7150.00041

Drug Policy Alliance (DPA). (November 3, 2021). Drug decriminalization in Oregon, One year later: Thousands of lives not ruined by possession arrests, $300 million+ in funding for services. https://drugpolicy.org/press-release/2021/11/drug-decriminalization-oregon-one-year-later-thousands-lives-not-ruined

Drug Policy Alliance. (February 2024). Oregon’s Measure 110: What really happened. https://drugpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/DPA-WhatReallyHappenedM110.pdf

Ghosh, S. (February 17, 2021). Changing how police departments respond to overdose calls could save lives. CBC.ca. https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-police-response-to-overdose-calls-1.5893257

Greenwald, G. (April 2, 2009). Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for creating fair and successful drug polices. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies

Greer, A., Bonn, M., Shane, C., Stevens, A., Tousenard, N., & Ritter, A. (February 5, 2022). The details of decriminalization – Designing a non-criminal response to the possession of drugs for personal use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 102, 103605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103605

Hall, W. (2020). The costs and benefits of cannabis control policies. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(3), 281-287. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605025/pdf/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-281.pdf

Hansen, C., Alas, H. & Davis, E. (January 6, 2022). Where is marijuana legal? A guide to marijuana legalization. U.S. News. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/where-is-marijuana-legal-a-guide-to-marijuana-legalization

Health Canada Expert Task Force. (May 6, 2021). Report #1: Recommendation on alternative to criminal penalties for simple possession of controlled substances. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/corporate/about-health-canada/public-engagement/external-advisory-bodies/reports/report-1-2021/report-1-HC-expert-task-force-on-substance-use-final-en.pdf

Health Canada. (May 7, 2024). Statement from the Minister of Mental Health and Addictions and Associate Minister of Health. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2024/05/statement-from-the-minister-of-mental-health-and-addictions-and-associate-minister-of-health.html

House Bill 4002, 82nd Oregon Legislative Assembly, 2024 Regular Session. (Oregon 2024). https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2024R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB4002/Enrolled

International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). (May 15, 2021). Decriminalization done right: A human rights & public health vision for drug policy reform. https://www.drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Decrim-Done-Right-Statement-5.pdf

International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). (February 10, 2022). Decriminalisation of people who use drugs: A guide for advocacy. https://idpc.net/publications/2022/02/decriminalisation-of-people-who-use-drugs-a-guide-for-advocacy

International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). (July 24, 2023). The decriminalisation of people who use drugs: An essential component of a human rights-based approach to drug policy – IDPC submission to OHCHR. https://idpc.net/publications/2023/07/the-decriminalisation-of-people-who-use-drugs-an-essential-component-of-a-human-rights-based

Jesseman, R. & Payer, D. (June 2018). Decriminalization: Options & evidence. Canadian Centre on Substance Use & Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Decriminalization-Controlled-Substances-Policy-Brief-2018-en.pdf

Lee, N. (November 2, 2023). When Oregon decriminalised drugs, overdoes went up. Will that happen in the ACT? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/when-oregon-decriminalised-drugs-overdoses-went-up-will-that-happen-in-the-act-216736

Lopez, G. (November 11, 2020). America’s war on drugs has failed – Oregon is showing a way out. The Vox. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21552710/oregon-drug-decriminalization-marijuana-legalization

MacCoun, R. & Reuter, P. (July 13, 1999). What we do and don’t know about the likely effects of decriminalization and legalization: A brief summary. Drug Policy Research Center. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2006/CT161.pdf

Moallef, S., Choi, J., Milloy, M. J., DeBeck, K., Kerr, T., & Hayashi, K. (August 26, 2021). A drug-related Good Samaritan Law and calling emergency medical services for drug overdoses in a Canadian setting. Harm reduction journal, 18(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00537-w

Mooney-Scott, E. (May 5, 2010). Marijuana decriminalization. OLR Research Report, 2010-R-0204. http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archila/Mooney-Scott_2010.pdf

Myran, D. (October 14, 2021). 3 years after legalization we have shockingly little information about how it changed cannabis use & health harms. TheConversation.com. https://theconversation.com/3-years-after-legalization-we-have-shockingly-little-information-about-how-it-changed-cannabis-use-and-health-harms-169815

National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). (June 22, 2023). State medical cannabis laws. https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-medical-cannabis-laws

Queirolo, R. (May 11, 2020), The effects of recreational cannabis legalization might depend upon the policy model. World Psychiatry, 19: 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20742

Reuters. (February 3, 2022). Mississippi becomes 37th U.S. state to legalize medical marijuana. Reuters.com. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/mississippi-becomes-37th-us-state-legalize-medical-marijuana-2022-02-03/

Roberts, C. (November 4, 2020). Oregon legalizes psilocybin mushrooms and decriminalizes all drugs. Forbes.com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrisroberts/2020/11/04/oregon-legalizes-psilocybin-mushrooms-and-decriminalizes-all-drugs/?sh=5dc118764b51

Room, R. (2018). Drug legalization and public health: general issues, and the case of cannabis. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science Addiction, 518-530. https://www.robinroom.net/druglegal.pdf

Rosmarin, A. & Eastwood, N. (July 2012). A quiet revolution: Drug decriminalisation policies in practice across the globe. Open Society Foundations. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/8c6213b8-9a9f-453a-9702-ff832f29afa5/release-quiet-revolution-drug-decriminalisation-policies-20120709.pdf

Rush, C. (September 1, 2024). Oregon law rolling back drug decriminalization takes effect, making possession a crime again. PBS News. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/oregon-law-rolling-back-drug-decriminalization-takes-effect-making-possession-a-crime-again

Russoniello, K., Vakharia, S., Netherland, J., Naidoo, T., Wheelock, H., Hurst, T., & Rouhani, S. (2023). Decriminalization of drug possession in Oregon: Analysis and early lessons. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 9, 1-16. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20503245231167407

Singer, J. (May 8, 2024). No, Canada did not decriminalize drugs in British Columbia. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/blog/no-canada-did-not-recriminalize-drugs-british-columbia

Stevens, A., Hughes, C., Hulme, S. & Cassidy, R. (November 28, 2019). Depenalization, diversion & decriminalization: A realist review and programme theory of alternatives to criminalization for simple possession. European Journal of Criminology, 19(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370819887514

The Vienna Declaration. (n.d.). http://viennadeclaration.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Vienna-Declaration-Download.pdf

Toronto Public Health. (July 16, 2018). Discussion paper: A public health approach to drug policy. http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2018/hl/bgrd/backgroundfile-118764.pdf

Transform Drug Policy Foundation. (May 2021). Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Setting the record straight. https://transformdrugs.org/assets/files/PDFs/Drug-decriminalisation-in-Portugal-setting-the-record-straight.pdf

VanderHart, D. (August 22, 2024). Officials spearheading Oregon drug recriminalization could learn a lot from Washington. Oregon Public Broadcasting. https://www.opb.org/article/2024/08/22/officials-spearheading-oregon-drug-recriminalization-could-learn-from-washington/

Wiley, M. (September 1, 2024). Drug possession is a crime again in Oregon. Here’s what you need to know. Oregon Public Broadcasting. https://www.opb.org/article/2024/09/01/oregon-starts-drug-possession-recriminalization/

World Health Organization (WHO). (August 2, 2021). Opioid overdose. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose

CBC News: The National. (April 19, 2017). How Portugal successfully tackled its drug crisis [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uQJ7n-JpcCk

CBC News: The National. (January 27, 2021). Calls to decriminalize drugs grow louder during pandemic [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/cKwh_Db8SQE

Darlin, S. (May 15, 2012). Lisbon, Portugal (Sharon Hahn Darlin) São Bento.jpg [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lisbon,_Portugal_(Sharon_Hahn_Darlin)_São_Bento.jpg

DMC-FZ30. (March 8, 2017). 1041558 [Photograph]. Pxhere. https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1041558

Fujita, N. (2022). Cannabis seal from One Plant Dispensary [Photograph]. https://www.oneplant.ca/locations/windsor-walkerville 

Fujita, N. (2022). One Plant Dispensary in Windsor, Ontario [Photograph]. https://www.oneplant.ca/locations/windsor-walkerville 

Global News. (July 9, 2020). Canada’s police chiefs call for decriminalization of drug possession for personal use [Video]. https://globalnews.ca/video/7160929/canadas-police-chiefs-call-for-decriminalization-of-drug-possession-for-personal-use/

International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). (2022). Decriminalization [Infographic]. Decriminalisation of people who use drugs: A guide for advocacy. https://idpc.net/publications/2022/02/decriminalisation-of-people-who-use-drugs-a-guide-for-advocacy

KGW News. (February 2, 2021). Oregon’s drug decriminalization law takes effect [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/F1iz_0x-XxE

McGrath, T. (May 11, 2020). 2020 – Vancouver – DTES – How do we end the overdose crisis? [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/time-to-look/49897228748

Meador, G. (July 14, 2006). Oregon State Capitol in Salem [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/gmeador/394328781

The Graduate Institute of Geneva. (December 18, 2020). The meaningful participation of ‘stakeholders’ in global policy debates – A Policy comment [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUQHLNhcNrY

Transform Drug Policy Foundation. (January 23, 2019). What are the five models of regulation [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/i-RJPQwyjk0

VICE. (February 10, 2021). The reality of legalizing cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy — The War on Drugs [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/haT4FrOYPtk

Cover Photo: Lewis, J. (2017). Coffeeshop reefer, Amsterdam the Netherland [Photograph].