13.6 Unit Summary and Review

Genetic engineering has produced significant benefits, such as insulin production, but applications like gene therapy remain controversial due to significant risks and ethical issues. Gene therapy shows potential to cure diseases but has faced challenges, including immune reactions to viral vectors, off-target effects, and tumor risks, as highlighted by the 1999 case of Jesse Gelsinger, whose death spurred stricter regulations.

Advancements in genome editing, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized DNA manipulation by enabling precise, efficient, and cost-effective edits. Adapted from bacterial immune systems, CRISPR-Cas9 introduces targeted DNA cuts, allowing researchers to modify genetic material. Applications include promising but experimental treatments for conditions such as sickle cell disease and HIV, though these approaches remain under evaluation for safety and efficacy in humans.

Biotechnology has broad applications in medicine, leveraging genetic knowledge and technology to address challenges such as disease treatment. In medicine, biotechnology enables the production of vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones, often using recombinant DNA technology and genetically engineered microorganisms or transgenic animals. For example, insulin and human growth hormone are now produced in bacteria, while transgenic animals produce complex proteins for therapeutic use.

The integration of genomics into healthcare is set to revolutionize disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment through precision medicine, with nurses playing critical roles as educators, advocates, and leaders in supporting patient understanding and equitable implementation. In Canada, efforts to advance genomics include the Pan-Canadian Genomics Strategy and strategic initiatives to address challenges such as service fragmentation, workforce development, and data standardization. Alberta and Quebec have made notable progress through centralized services, but funding and coordination remain significant barriers nationally. Continued investment in infrastructure, education, and collaboration is essential to fully realize the potential of genomics in healthcare and beyond.