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Section One: The Fundamentals
A) History and Context
Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt
What shocked me the most was how it was considered totally acceptable to run these tests, find women with a Y chromosome, and then basically tell them, “Sorry, science says you’re not a woman,” even though they were. And on top of that, they were banned from competing in the sports they had dedicated their entire lives to. I can’t even imagine how devastating that must have been—one day you’re an elite athlete, and the next, you’re being told you don’t belong, all because of something you had no control over. It’s honestly nauseating to think about, especially as someone who played sports and has always been more muscular or “manly” compared to other girls. I was always able to play with the boys, and even older boys, which at that developmental stage should have put me at a disadvantage since they were bigger and stronger—but I held my own. If I were in their position, I would be terrified because, who knows, maybe I would’ve found out that I had a Y chromosome. Not saying that I would, but it’s definitely a thought I had while hearing this.
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B) Timeline of History
Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt
What other significant case/milestone would you add to this timeline? Note it in your notebook along with a brief (one or two sentences) explanation of why you feel it is important.
I would add the recent controversy over the NCAA’s new policy on transgender athletes (2025), which has caused a lot of uproar, especially due to influence from the Trump administration. There’s been so much discourse and hate in the media lately surrounding trans bodies in sports, and this policy is a perfect example of how we’re moving backward rather than forward. I saw a video from XX-XY Athletics on TikTok criticizing how the NCAA’s policy is based solely on birth certificates. They were upset because “if it’s just a birth certificate needed,” in over 40 states, you can legally change the gender on your birth certificate. It just feels like a weak argument, considering trans athletes more often than not, haven’t lied about being trans, rather been quiet open to the scrutiny. Plus, if I’m not mistaken, there are currently less than 10 professional trans athletes, so why is this even such a big issue? To me, this isn’t really about protecting women in sports—it’s about a continuation of policing and controlling marginalized groups that has become a trend, especially with the way politics in the U.S. are heading. |
C) Gender coding in Sports
Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt
Has the gendering of sport ever been a constraint on your involvement? How?
Or, if not, why do you think this is?
The best example I can give of how the gendering of sport has been a constraint on my involvement was when I was in Grade 10. I spoke to the only female coach we had at the school about joining our school’s ‘boys’ football team, and she told me I could try out since there were no official rules against it. When I went to the all-male coaching staff, instead of figuring it out with me, they said, “You can try out next year when you’re in grade 11 and can be on varsity.” I knew they only said that because they were hoping I’d back down—they figured the guys would be much bigger and stronger next year, with some already being 18, and I was just 16. But once I set my mind to something, I wasn’t going to let it go. The next year, when I was going into grade 11 in 2020, I tried out again. The coaches were still stand-offish but let me try out, and I made the team. However, during training, there were all these different rules that applied to me, even though all I wanted to do was get hit. They didn’t think I could handle it, but I guess it worked out for them in the end because before we could actually start the season in the spring, COVID hit. If it had been anyone else, someone less persistent, I don’t think they would have made it or come back. In my mind, I wasn’t successful—there was an entire year I could’ve played in Grade 10, but the coaches couldn’t handle having a girl on the team. When I finally did get a chance, it was shut down by COVID. It’s frustrating because I know that if I hadn’t fought for my place, it wouldn’t have happened at all, and that just shows how much harder it can be for women in sports, even when they prove they’re capable.
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D) How is sport gendered in the popular imagination?
Exercise 4: Padlet/Notebook Prompt
While most sports are in fact unisex, gender coding remains pervasive, particularly at the professional level, although with a foundation established in youth competition. Participate in the poll below to share your views on how popular sports are gendered in the popular imagination. Also feel welcome to add or suggest sports that you feel strongly conform to the gender binary!
After you contribute to the padlet prompt, record your response in your notebook AND briefly discuss in two or three sentences how these responses and the polling figures in general confirm or contradict your assumptions about gender-coding and sports. Did anything surprise you?
I chose soccer as my sport, and although I believe it’s unisex/neutral, most people would probably say it’s male-dominated because of how it’s viewed on a larger scale. Going through all the answers, I was right about how I thought my peers would gender each sport—it’s just a stereotype. It definitely confirmed my assumptions about gender-coding and sports, but in a way, it makes it more frustrating that I was right. It’s frustrating because it feels like these assumptions have been passed down through generations, and there’s still so much work to do. What surprised me, though, was how predictable the responses were—gender-coding seems almost instinctive to a lot of people, even though sports themselves are not inherently gendered. I’ll always stand by the belief that if women had been allowed to participate in sports at the same level as men from the start, gendered assumptions about sports wouldn’t exist. No sport should be limited to one gender; the concept of gender-coding is just a way to explain which sports are socially acceptable for women to participate in.
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Section Two: Breaking it down
A) Title IX
Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt
In a longer version of the interview excerpted in the video above, Leah Thomas states “Trans women competing in women’s sports does not threaten women’s sports as a whole because trans women are a very small minority of all athletes and the NCAA rules around trans women competing in women’s sports have been around for 10+ years and we haven’t seen any massive wave of trans women dominating”?
Do you agree with this statement? See also the image above suggesting that the issue may be overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t actually care that much about women’s sports.
Please share any thoughts you have in your Notebook by clicking on the audio button above or writing a few sentences.
To be quite frank, or maybe a bit brutal, I think that if, as a female athlete, you have an issue competing against a trans athlete and you think it’s “not fair,” then you just need to work harder. I totally get why Riley Gaines was upset about having to hold the 6th place trophy, though; she should’ve gotten a tie for 5th. That said, Riley Gaines has been part of that NCAA defamation video I referenced in my pressbook, and honestly, every time I’ve seen her in the last few years, all I’ve heard is her complaining. She’s mad because, instead of 5th, she got 6th, but there were 4 other athletes who performed better than her and Leah Thomas. I guarantee you that Leah being trans isn’t the problem—it’s that Riley just wasn’t as good.
I will always advocate for the fact that creating these issues around trans women in sports is just another way to oppress women, period. I entirely agree with Leah Thomas’ statement. While I can see how it might be frustrating for some athletes, the reality is that the issue is being blown way out of proportion, and Riley Gaines has been one of the most vocal about it. Yet, somehow, I only ever remember Leah’s name because, in the end, it feels like she’s the one being targeted and dragged through the mud for no good reason. I think this issue is being overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t care about women’s sports—they just care about making a spectacle out of it.
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B) Unfair Advantage?
Exercise 6: Notebook Prompt
What does the host and writer, Rose Eveleth, have to say on the issue of unfair advantage?
Can you think of other examples of unique biological or circumstantial advantages from which athletes have benefitted enormously that have nothing to do with gender?
In the podcast Tested with Rose Eveleth – Ep 5: Unfair Advantage, Rose Eveleth explores the complexities surrounding unfair advantages in sports, with a particular focus on athletes with Differences of Sexual Development (DSD), such as Christine Boehme. While discussing how biological factors like testosterone levels influence performance, Eveleth highlights the challenges in defining what constitutes an “unfair advantage” in competitive sports. She emphasizes that the conversation often centers on gender, and the treatment of testosterone in these discussions raises questions about fairness, discrimination, and the scientific basis behind such policies. Eveleth argues that the concept of advantage is complicated, as factors like genetics, training, and mental resilience also play significant roles in athletic success. She critiques the focus on testosterone levels in DSD athletes, suggesting that it often ignores the broader context of how various biological traits, whether related to testosterone, genetics, or physical development, impact performance. Ultimately, Rose questions whether these rules are truly about fairness or if they serve as a form of exclusion.
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Again, let’s turn to Katie Barnes who points out that we tend to forget amidst all the debate that “sports, by design, are not fair” (235), that “the reality of sports is that we accept unfairness all the time” (235).
Do you agree? Why? In your experience, how fair are sports? Feel welcome to add a video response in the padlet and provide an example if you’re willing. Make sure you include a screenshot of your response in your notebook.
I completely agree with Katie Barnes because it’s just the truth—sports, by design, are not fair. Not everyone is going to be good at everything, and that’s just how it is. Growing up, I played every sport I could in elementary school and then whatever I was allowed to in high school. There were some sports I was terrible at—like swimming. I can’t even swim, so obviously, if I tried to compete in that, I’d be at a huge disadvantage. But in the sports I was good at, I gave it my all, and even then, there was always someone better than me, whether they were a boy or a girl.
To be more specific, I played soccer for 15 years. I’d say I was good, but I always told myself that even if I was better than one person, there would always be someone better than me. That’s literally the point of competitive sports—someone is always going to be stronger, faster, or more skilled. I grew up playing with a girl, who I was very close with, who was naturally jacked at 12 because of her genetics, which happened to give her an advantage at running, kicking, etc. If I let that discourage me, I would’ve quit then and there, but honestly, it had nothing to do with gender—her whole family, both male and female, were just built that way. Not to mention, even within a sport, the skills you need depend on your position more than anything else. In football, whether male or female, a quarterback and a cornerback will have completely different strengths and weaknesses that have nothing to do with gender. In soccer, if you’re fast, you’re probably a striker; if you have a powerful kick, you’re probably a midfielder. It’s all about how you use your strengths. Sports aren’t fair, and they never have been—but that’s what makes them so competitive.
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B) The Paris Olympics
Optional Response:
What does Robins mean when she argues that:
“The aims of transvestigating an Olympic athlete are not, in any meaningful sense, anything to do with sports, or fairness, or even with women (cis women, at least) as a social category. Rather, they have everything to do with transness, and the public expression of transfemininity.
For my money this has never been about sport.
What it has always been is an excuse to publicly relitigate the existence of trans women.”
Make a note in your Notebook.
Robins is saying that these so-called “investigations” into whether an athlete is “really a woman” aren’t actually about maintaining fairness in sports or protecting women’s categories—they’re about reinforcing transphobic narratives. The entire discourse around “ensuring fairness” in women’s sports serves as a pretext to continue publicly questioning and invalidating the existence of trans women. She’s arguing that this isn’t an isolated incident but part of a broader pattern where society obsesses over proving that certain women “aren’t really women” as a way to reinforce rigid, exclusionary definitions of womanhood. And the real target isn’t cis women like Khelif—it’s trans women, whose very existence is being put on trial in the public sphere under the guise of concerns about fairness, biology, or competition. I agree, this was never really about Khelif as an individual, and it certainly wasn’t about sports. It was just another excuse to uphold the constant scrutiny and policing of trans femininity.
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