19 Pancreas

Endocrine Pancreas:

Let’s dive back into the pancreas, the multitasking organ that plays a critical role in digestion and blood glucose regulation. We previously explored the exocrine functions of the pancreas, but it also has tremendous endocrine function through its pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans which comprise <1% of the cells in the pancreas.

Each pancreatic islet is composed of 4 hormone secreting cells:

• Alpha or A cells: about 17% of pancreatic islets cells which produce glucagon
• Beta or B cells: about 70% of pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin
• Delta or D cells constitute ~7% of the cells and secrete somatostatin (identical to growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus)
• F cells constitute the remaining cells which secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Insulin and Glucagon Regulation:

Insulin and glucagon – both peptide hormones – play an integral role in maintaining blood glucose levels, and both operate within 2 negative-feedback loops.

1. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) stimulates secretion of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells.
2. Glucagon acts on hepatocytes to accelerate conversion of glycogen to glucose and promotes gluconeogenesis (conversion of glucose from lipids or amino acids)
3. As a result blood glucose levels rise, restoring homeostasis.
4. If blood glucose continues to rise (hyperglycemia) (as seen just after eating) this may signal release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
5. Insulin can act in several facets, but it also prompts hepatocytes to reduce gluconeogenesis, and instead promote glycogenesis (creation of glycogen from free glucose). Also, insulin promotes the synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis). Further, insulin promotes the uptake of blood borne glucose into cells.
6. As a result blood glucose falls to normal levels restoring homeostasis.

 figure x.  Blood Sugar Homeostasis

As you can see the effects of hypo or hyperglycemia promote the expression of either glucagon or insulin. When one hormone is active, the other is inhibited via negative feedback, keeping your blood sugar within a healthy range.

Do you remember the functions of the pancreas?

Hint: The pancreas is a versatile organ that is critical for our survival. This meme describes the importance of the pancreas and all of its major functions!