38 Diencephalon

What is the diencephalon?

Moving upwards past the brainstem and the cerebellum is the central structure of the entire brain known as the diencephalon which when translated from latin to english means “through-brain.” Therefore, it’s understandable to assume the diencephalon is crucial for communication of elements to and from the brain. The diencephalon contains 3 main structures:

Figure 97 The diencephalon and its components (blue)

• Thalamus: a dual-lobed structure which is positioned on either side of the brain which processes every sensory input (except olfaction/smell) and motor output. The thalamus is the essential communications manager, and life would not exist without this crucial structure
• Hypothalamus: an almond-shaped structure below the thalamus, regulates several homeostatic processes through releasing hormones to monitor hunger, thirst and temperature. The hypothalamus also links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (return to Chapter 2 for more info on this)
• Epithalamus: a single-lobed structure above the thalamus, located in the posterior section of the diencephalon, regulates circadian (wake-sleep) rhythms via the pineal gland so you can stay well rested and fresh!