Bibliography
Canadian Legal Research Texts and Resources
Blatt, Arlene, Margaret Helen Kerr & JoAnn Kurtz, Legal Research: Step by Step, 5th ed (Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 2020).
Bueckert, Melanie et al, The Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide (CanLII, 2018), online: <canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2018CanLIIDocs161>.
Fitzgerald, Maureen Fay & Susan Marion Barker, Legal Problem Solving: Reasoning, Research & Writing, 8th ed (Toronto: LexisNexis Canada, 2019).
Kierstead, Shelley, Sherifa Elkhadem & Suzanne Elizabeth Gordon, The Law Workbook: Developing Skills for Legal Research and Writing, 2nd ed (Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 2011).
Kunz, Christina L et al, The Process of Legal Research, 6th ed (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004).
McCallum, Margaret, Deborah Schmedemann & Christina Kunz, Synthesis: Legal Reading, Reasoning, and Writing in Canada, 4th ed (Toronto: LexisNexis, 2017).
McCarney, Moira et al, The Comprehensive Guide to Legal Research, Writing & Analysis, 3rd ed (Emond Montgomery Publishing, 2019).
McCormack, Nancy, John Papadopoulos & Catherine Cotter, The Practical Guide to Canadian Legal Research, 4th ed (Toronto: Carswell, 2015).
MacEllven, Douglass T, NA Campbell & JN Davis, Legal Research Handbook, 6th ed (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2003).
Queen’s University Library, Legal Research Manual (13 November 2023), online: <guides.library.queensu.ca/legal-research-manual>.
Tjaden, Ted, Legal Research and Writing, 4th ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2016).
Books, Journal Articles, and Other Secondary Sources
Alphabet, Inc, “Google Search Essentials” (12 June 2023), online: Google Search Central <developers.google.com/search/docs/essentials>.
Angwin, Julia et al, “Machine Bias”, ProPublica (23 May 2016), online: <propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing>.
Alvarez, Guy, “Google Has a New Top Level Domain for Law Firms”, JD Supra (8 May 2023), online: <jdsupra.com/legalnews/google-has-a-new-top-level-domain-for-1749929/>.
Ambrogi, Bob, “LexisNexis Enters the Generative AI Fray with Limited Release of New Lexis+ AI, Using GPT and other LLMs”, LawSites (4 May 2023), online: <lawnext.com/2023/05/lexisnexis-enters-the-generative-ai-fray-with-limited-release-of-new-lexis-ai-using-gpt-and-other-llms.html>.
———, “Thomson Reuters Previews Its Plans for Generative AI, Announces Integration with Microsoft 365 Copilot”, LawSites (23 May 2023), online: <lawnext.com/2023/05/thomson-reuters-previews-its-plans-for-generative-ai-announces-integration-with-microsoft-365-copilot.html>.
———, “Lexis Answers and Judicata Aim to Expedite Legal Research” (2017) 43:6 Law Prac Mgmt 24.
American Association of Law Libraries, “Principles and Standards for Legal Research Competency” (2020), online (pdf): <aallnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/AALL2020-PrinciplesStandardsLegalResearchCompetencyFull.pdf>.
Association of College & Research Libraries, “Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education” (11 January 2016), online: <ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework>.
Bates, Marcia J, “The Cascade of Interactions in the Digital Library Interface” in Information Users and Information System Design: Selected Works of Marcia J Bates (Berkeley: Ketchikan Press, 2016) 345.
——— , “Search Techniques” in Information Users and Information System Design: Selected Works of Marcia J Bates (Berkeley: Ketchikan Press, 2016) 164.
Berring, Robert C, “Full-Text Databases and Legal Research: Backing into the Future” (1986) 1:1 High Tech LJ 27.
———, “Twenty Years On: The Debate Over Legal Research” (2008) 17:1 Perspectives 1.
Bogost, Ian, “ChatGPT Is Dumber Than You Think”, The Atlantic (7 December 2022), online: <theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-writing-ethics/672386/>.
Botelho, Bridget & Stephen J Bigelow, “Definition: Big Data” (January 2022), online: <techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/definition/big-data>.
Boulder Conference on Legal Research and Education, “Boulder Statement on Legal Research Education: Signature Pedagogy Statement” (2010), online: <scholar.law.colorado.edu/conference2010/1/>.
Callister, Paul D, Field Guide to Legal Research (St Paul: West Academic Press, 2019).
CanLII, “Privacy Policy” (22 June 2023), online: <canlii.org/en/info/privacy.html>.
———, “Search” (22 June 2023), online: <canlii.org/en/info/search.html>.
Chatziathanasiou, Konstantin, “Beware the Lure of Narratives: ‘Hungry Judges’ Should Not Motivate the Use of ‘Artificial Intelligence’ in Law” (2022) 23:4 German LJ 452.
Delgado, Richard & Jean Stefancic, “Why Do We Tell the Same Stories: Law Reform, Critical Librarianship, and the Triple Helix Dilemma” (1989) 42:1 Stan L Rev 207.
Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Model Code of Professional Conduct (October 2022), online: <flsc.ca/what-we-do/model-code-of-professional-conduct>.
Fox, Ken, “4 Questions to Ask About Any Database (Part 1)”, Slaw (15 December 2016), online: <tips.slaw.ca/2016/research/4-questions-to-ask-about-any-database-part-1>.
Haaxma-Jurek, Johanna, “Artificial Intelligence” in Katherine H Nemeh & Jacqueline L Longe, eds, The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 6th ed (Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2021).
Hayes, Ben, “Migration and Data Protection: Doing No Harm in an Age of Mass Displacement, Mass Surveillance and ‘Big Data’” (2017) 99:1 Intl R Red Cross 179.
Hellyer, Paul, “Evaluating Shepard’s, KeyCite, and BCite for Case Validation Accuracy” (2018) 110:4 Law Libr J 449.
Haight, Iantha, “A Rubric for Analyzing Legal Technology Using Benefit/Risk Pairs” U St Thomas LJ, online: <ssrn.com/abstract=4495752> [forthcoming in 2024].
Hoffman, David A and Yonathan A Arbel, “Generative Interpretation” 99 NYU LR, online: <dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4526219> [forthcoming in 2024].
Kim-Prieto, Dennis, “The Road Not Yet Taken: How Law Student Information Literacy Standards Address Identified Issues in Legal Research Education and Training” (2011) 103 Law Libr J 605.
Kroski, Ellyssa, ed, Law librarianship in the age of AI (Chicago: ALA Editions, 2020).
Kuhlthau, Carol Collier, Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services, 2nd ed (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2004).
Kuhlthau, CC & SL Tama, “Information Search Process of Lawyers: a Call for ’Just for Me’ Information Services” (2001) 57:1 J Documentation 25.
Kunz, Christina et al, The Process of Legal Research, 6th ed (New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2004).
Lamdan, Sarah, Data Cartels: The Companies That Control and Monopolize Our Information (New York: Stanford University Press, 2022).
———, “Librarianship at the Crossroads of ICE Surveillance” (13 November 2019) In Library with Lead Pipe, online: <www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2019/ice-surveillance/>.
———, “When Westlaw Fuels ICE Surveillance: Legal Ethics in the Era of Big Data Policing” (2019) 43:2 NYU Rev L & Soc Change 255.
Law Society of Ontario, Rules of Professional Conduct, (last updated 28 June 2022), online: <lso.ca/about-lso/legislation-rules/rules-of-professional-conduct>.
———, “Technology Practice Management Guideline” (last updated 31 July 2020), online: <lso.ca/lawyers/practice-supports-and-resources/practice-management-guidelines/technology>.
Lemyre, Pierre-Paul, “Lexum’s Approach to Automatic Classification of Case Law: From Statistics to Machine Learning”, (8 April 2022), online: Lexum <https://lexum.com/en/blog/lexums-approach-to-automatic-classification-of-case-law-from-statistics-to-machine-learning/>.
LexisNexis, “LexisNexis Privacy Policy” (20 December 2022), online: <lexisnexis.com/global/privacy/en/privacy-policy-ca.page>.
———, “Search Types”, online: <help.lexisnexis.com/Flare/lexispluscanada/CA/en_CA/Content/reference/searchtypes_ref.htm>.
Lexis+ Canada, “Brief Analysis” (12 June 2023), online: <plus.lexis.com/BriefAnalysis>.
Lemyre, Pierre-Paul, “Lexum’s Approach to Automatic Classification of Case Law: From Statistics to Machine Learning” (8 April 2022), online: <lexum.com/en/blog/lexums-approach-to-automatic-classification-of-case-law-from-statistics-to-machine-learning/>.
Limberg, Louise & Mikael Alexandersson, “Learning and Information Seeking” in Marcia J Bates & Mary Niles Maack, eds, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2009).
Marchionini, Gary, “Foreword” in Chirag Shah, ed, Collaborative Information Seeking: The Art and Science of Making the Whole Greater than the Sum of All (Information Retrieval Series) (Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012).
Mart, Susan Nevelow, “Every Algorithm has a POV” (2017) 22:1 AALL Spectrum 40.
———, The Boulder Statements on Legal Research Education: The Intersection of Intellectual and Practical Skills (Buffalo: William S Hein & Co Inc, 2014).
———, “The Case for Curation: The Relevance of Digest and Citator Results in Westlaw and Lexis” (2013) 32:1/2 Leg Ref Serv Q 13.
McAlister, Merritt E, “Missing Decisions” (2020) 169:4 U Pa L Rev 1101.
Merken, Sara, “New York lawyers sanctioned for using fake ChatGPT cases in legal brief”, Reuters (26 June 2023), online: <reuters.com/legal/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/>.
Mignanelli, Nicholas, “Critical Legal Research: Who Needs It?” (2021) 112 Law Libr J 327.
———, “Legal Research and Its Discontents: A Bibliographic Essay on Critical Approaches to Legal Research” (2021) 113 Law Libr J 101.
Nayyer, Kim P, Marcelo Rodriguez & Sarah A Sutherland, “Artificial Intelligence & Implicit Bias: With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility” (May/June 2020) AALL Spectrum 14.
Obar, Jonathan, “Source Triangulation Skills and the Future of Digital Inclusion: How Information Literacy Policy Can Address Misinformation and Disinformation Challenges” Yale Law School Initiative on Intermediaries and Information, online: <papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3828152>.
O’Leary, Dyanne, Legal Innovation & Technology: A Practical Skills Guide for the Modern Lawyer (St Paul, Minn: West Academic Publishing, 2023).
Olsen, Laura, “Inside Track: Still Charging Clients for Legal Research? You Might Want to Rethink That” (15 Oct 2014), online: <wisbar.org/newspublications/insidetrack/pages/article.aspx?volume=6&articleid=23620>.
Ouyang, Long et al, “Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback” (paper delivered at the 36th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2022), online: <proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/hash/b1efde53be364a73914f58805a001731-Abstract-Conference.html>.
Parsons, Patrick, Michelle Hook Dewey & Kristina L Niedringhaus, “Georgia State Legal Technology Competency Model: A Framework for Examining and Evaluating What It Means to Be a Technologically Competent Lawyer” U St Thomas LJ, online: <ssrn.com/abstract=4411686> [forthcoming].
National Self-Represented Litigants Project, “Technology is Changing, and So Should Our Approach to the Self-representation Problem: Artificial Intelligence for SRLs” Slaw (14 June 2023), online: <slaw.ca/2023/06/14/technology-is-changing-and-so-should-our-approach-to-the-self-representation-problem-artificial-intelligence-for-srls/>.
Ricks, Sarah E, “Law Schools Should Teach Non-Precedential Federal Appellate Opinions” (2023) 30:1 Perspectives 4.
Rodriguez, Marcelo, “Ceci N’est Pas Un ChatGPT”, Slaw (8 June 2023), online: <slaw.ca/2023/06/08/ceci-nest-pas-un-chatgpt/>.
Russell, Josh, “Lawyer who cited bogus legal opinions from ChatGPT pleads AI ignorance”, Courthouse News Service (8 June 2023), online: <courthousenews.com/lawyer-who-cited-bogus-legal-opinions-from-chatgpt-pleads-ai-ignorance/>.
Salyzyn, Amy, “AI and Legal Ethics 2.0: Continuing the Conversation in a Post-ChatGPT World”, Slaw (28 September 2023), online: <slaw.ca/2023/09/28/ai-and-legal-ethics-2-0-continuing-the-conversation-in-a-post-chatgpt-world/>.
Schwarcz, Daniel B & Jonathan H Choi, “AI Tools for Lawyers: A Practical Guide” (2023) 108 Minn LR, online: <minnesotalawreview.org/article/ai-tools-for-lawyers-a-practical-guide/>.
Skitka, Linda J et al, “Automation Bias and Errors: Are Crews Better Than Individuals?” (2000) 10:1 Intl J Aviation Psychology 85.
———, Kathleen Mosier & Mark Burdick, “Does Automation Bias Decision-making?” (1999) 51 Intl J Human-Computer Studies 991.
Surden, Harry, “Artificial Intelligence and Law: An Overview” (2018) 35:4 Ga St U L Rev 1305.
Library of Congress, “Subject and Genre/Form Headings” (last modified 3 March 2022), online: <loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/>.
Thomson Reuters, “Thomson Reuters Privacy Statement” (1 January 2023), online: <thomsonreuters.com/en/privacy-statement.html>.
Weiser, Benjamin, “Here’s What Happens When Your Lawyer Uses ChatGPT”, The New York Times (27 May 2023), online: <nytimes.com/2023/05/27/nyregion/avianca-airline-lawsuit-chatgpt.html>.
Wilkinson, Jess, “How We Read Digital Texts” (10 February 2023), online: <tlconestoga.ca/how-we-read-digital-texts/>.
Wren, Christopher G & Jill Robinson Wren, The Legal Research Manual: A Game Plan for Legal Research and Analysis, 2nd ed (Wisconsin: Legal Education Publishing, 1988).
———, “The Teaching of Legal Research” (1988) 80:1 Law Libr J 7.
Legislation and Case Law
Canada
Interpretation Act, RSC 1985, c I-21.
Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act, RSC 1985, c S-20.
Statutes Repeal Act, SC 2008, c 20.
Central & Eastern Trust Co v Rafuse, 1986 CanLII 29 (SCC).
Alberta
Matthews v Lawrence, 2022 ABQB 288.
British Columbia
Fairchild v Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 2011 BCSC 616.
Lougheed Enterprises Ltd v Armbruster, 1992 CanLII 1742 (BC CA).
Ontario
Legislation Act, 2006, SO 2006, c 21, Sched F.
Official Copy of Law from E-Laws Website, O Reg 413/08.
Drummond v The Cadillac Fairview Corp Ltd, 2018 ONSC 5350.
Gibb v Jiwan, (1996) 62 ACWS (3d) 607, 1996 CarswellOnt 1222 (ONCJ (GD)).
New York
Mata v Avianca, Inc, 2023 WL 4114965 (SD NY) (sanction).
