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Section One: The Fundamentals 

A) History and Context

Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt

This episode introduced me to the concept of Differences in Sex Development (DSD) for the first time. I had never heard of this term before, and I was surprised to learn how people with DSD are often subjected to invasive and dehumanizing treatment, especially in sports. It made me realize how society tries to categorize people strictly as male or female, even when biology is more complex than that. One of the most shocking moments in the episode was Max’s experience. She was told to lay down, undress, and be examined without any explanation. No one told her why these tests were being done, and she didn’t find out until months later that she had high testosterone. The fact that doctors and officials didn’t even feel the need to communicate with her showed how little control she had over her own body. It was frustrating to hear how athletes like Max are treated as medical subjects rather than as people with rights and dignity, and how eventually they told Max she could not compete in the races anymore. It’s insanity to me that someone can train and be an athlete their entire life and then one day gets told they cannot compete in the sport they love anymore. This episode made me rethink how sports and institutions regulate gender. It’s unfair that someone’s identity and ability to compete can be questioned and controlled.

B) Timeline of History

Exercise 2: Notebook Prompt

What other significant case/milestone would you add to this timeline? Note it in your notebook along with a brief (one or two sentences) explanation of why you feel it is important.

If I could add to the timeline I would add in the year of 1984, when women began to be allowed compete in the Olympic marathons. Before this year they were not allowed due to people wrongly believing long distance running was too hard on their bodies. It was frustrating to hear how outdated ideas kept women from competing at the highest level (Mertens, 2024). Many years of woman coming together and pushing back against these misconceptions, the women’s marathon was finally added to the Olympics. Joan Benoit Samuelson won the first race, proving that women were just as strong and capable as men (Mertens, 2024). This moment was not just about one race, it opened doors for women in all sports, showing the world that they belonged in endurance events as well.

References

Mertens, M. (2024, August 12). A dam-break moment for women in Olympics. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2024/08/olympics-marathon-women/679424/

 

C) Gender coding in Sports 

Exercise 3: Notebook Prompt

Has the gendering of sport ever been a constraint on your involvement? How?

Or, if not, why do you think this is?

I never really thought about the gendering of sports growing up, but looking back, I can see how it played a role in my experiences. I played rep soccer, rep volleyball, and competitive dance, and each sport had its own way of separating boys and girls. With dance, it was mostly girls at my studio, I can only remember about four boys total. It was just the norm, and no one questioned why dance seemed to be a so called “girl’s sport.” I never thought about whether boys felt uncomfortable joining or if they faced any judgment for being there. In soccer, the girls’ and boys’ teams never interacted. We did not practice together, and we were told it would be too “interfering” if we did practice together. At the time, I did not question it, but now I wonder why that was the case. It made it feel like boys and girls were playing two completely different versions of the sport, even though it was the same game. Perhaps the coaches thought the boys were to good to play against us girls. With volleyball, I really noticed the unfairness. The boys team always got to book the gym before us, meaning the girls had to practice until 10 p.m. at night. It felt like our team was less important in a way, even though we were just as competitive. While I never felt directly excluded from sports because of my gender, I do see now how the way sports were structured sent messages about whose time and space mattered more. It makes me wonder how different things could have been if these sports were more integrated, and equal.

D) How is sport gendered in the popular imagination?

Exercise 4: Padlet/Notebook Prompt 

While most sports are in fact unisex, gender coding remains pervasive, particularly at the professional level, although with a foundation established in youth competition. Participate in the poll below to share your views on how popular sports are gendered in the popular imagination. Also feel welcome to add or suggest sports that you feel strongly conform to the gender binary!

After you contribute to the padlet prompt, record your response in your notebook AND briefly discuss in two or three sentences how these responses and the polling figures in general confirm or contradict your assumptions about gender-coding and sports. Did anything surprise you?

Soccer – Neutral

Football – Male

Powerlifting – Male

Basketball – Male

Volleyball – Neutral

Softball – Female

Baseball – Male

Cheerleading – Female

I would say my assumptions are pretty generalized and based off either my experience in that sport or from growing up watching that sport on television. The only thing that surprised me was that the votes for volleyball were higher for female. I grew up playing the sport, and our club team had just as many guys teams as women’s teams, so to me and my experience it was a more neutral gendered sport.

 

 

 

Section Two: Breaking it down

A) Title IX

Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt 

In a longer version of the interview excerpted in the video above, Leah Thomas states “Trans women competing in women’s sports does not threaten women’s sports as a whole because trans women are a very small minority of all athletes and the NCAA rules around trans women competing in women’s sports have been around for 10+ years and we haven’t seen any massive wave of trans women dominating”?

Do you agree with this statement? See also the image above suggesting that the issue may be overblown by politicians and influencers who don’t actually care that much about women’s sports.

Please share any thoughts you have in your Notebook by clicking on the audio button above or writing a few sentences.

I have mixed feelings about Leah Thomas’s statement. I get what she’s saying, trans women are a small group in sports, and there hasn’t been a huge takeover like some people claim. The NCAA has had rules for years, and if trans women were dominating, we would have seen it by now. It does make me wonder if politicians and influencers are blowing this issue out of proportion, especially since many of them don’t seem to care about women’s sports any other time. Also at the same time, I also understand why some female athletes are worried. Sports are competitive, and even small differences in strength, speed, or endurance can matter. As someone who played rep soccer, volleyball, and dance, I know how much work goes into competing. If there’s even a slight advantage, it could impact fairness, and I don’t think that concern should just be ignored.

B) Unfair Advantage?

Exercise 6: Notebook Prompt

What does the host and writer, Rose Eveleth, have to say on the issue of unfair advantage?

Can you think of other examples of unique biological or circumstantial advantages from which athletes have benefitted enormously that have nothing to do with gender?

Rose Eveleth highlights that the idea of unfair advantage in sports is often used unfairly, with way more focus on trans athletes than other natural or circumstantial advantages. She argues that sports are never truly fair, some athletes naturally have physical traits that give them an edge, while others benefit from wealth and access to better training. For example, height is a huge advantage in basketball, but no one suggests limiting tall players. Some athletes, like swimmer Michael Phelps, are born with physical traits that help them succeed his long wingspan, flexible ankles, and lower lactic acid levels gave him an edge over competitors. Money also plays a big role in success. Athletes with more money can afford the best coaching, training, and equipment, giving them a major head start. Meanwhile, those without these resources have to work much harder just to get the same opportunities. Rose Eveleth argues that if fairness was really the issue, people would talk about all these different advantages, not just focus on trans athletes. The real problem, she suggests, is that some people want to control who gets to compete rather than actually making sports fair for everyone.

Exercise 7: Padlet/Notebook Prompt

Again, let’s turn to Katie Barnes who points out that we tend to forget amidst all the debate that “sports, by design, are not fair” (235), that “the reality of sports is that we accept unfairness all the time” (235).

Do you agree? Why? In your experience, how fair are sports? Feel welcome to add a video response in the padlet and provide an example if you’re willing. Make sure you include a screenshot of your response in your notebook.

I agree with Katie Barnes that “sports, by design, are not fair” and that we accept unfairness all the time. The idea that sports are only about talent and hard work ignores the many natural and outside factors that help some athletes succeed more than others. People talk a lot about fairness, but they usually focus on certain things, like gender, while ignoring other big advantages. For example, some athletes are just born with traits that give them an edge. Sprinters with fast-twitch muscles can run faster, and marathon runners with better lung capacity can last longer. In basketball, taller players have a clear advantage, but no one says that’s unfair or that there should be height categories. In football, quarterbacks with bigger hands have an easier time gripping and throwing the ball, but no one questions if that’s an unfair advantage. Money is another big factor. Athletes from wealthy families can afford top coaches, the best training, and expensive gear. This gives them a head start over athletes who don’t have the same resources. A lot of talented people never get a fair shot simply because they can’t afford the same level of preparation. Barnes’ point is important because it shows that unfairness exists in many ways, but people only seem to care about it when it fits certain arguments. If fairness really mattered, we’d be talking about all the different advantages, not just a few.

B) The Paris Olympics 

Optional Response:

What does Robins mean when she argues that:

“The aims of transvestigating an Olympic athlete are not, in any meaningful sense, anything to do with sports, or fairness, or even with women (cis women, at least) as a social category. Rather, they have everything to do with transness, and the public expression of transfemininity.

For my money this has never been about sport.

What it has always been is an excuse to publicly relitigate the existence of trans women.”

Make a note in your Notebook.

 

 

 

 

 

 

License

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This work (Gender, Sport, and Social Justice by Kelly McGuire) is free of known copyright restrictions.