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Section one: The fundamentals
A)
Exercise 1: Notebook Prompt
Many of you are likely familiar with the concept of “ability inequity,” which the authors of this article define as “an unjust or unfair (a) ‘distribution of access to and protection from abilities generated through human interventions’ or (b) ‘judgment of abilities intrinsic to biological structures such as the human body’.”
However, they go on to identify the following “ability concepts” that are less familiar:
1) ability security (one is able to live a decent life with whatever set of abilities one has)
2) ability identity security (to be able to be at ease with ones abilities)
How prevalent are these forms of security among disabled people you know? Or, if you identify as a disabled person, would you say your social surroundings and community foster and support these kinds of security? Furthermore, while the focus of the article is on Kinesiology programs, it is also important to reflect on how academia in general accommodates for disability. If you feel comfortable answering this question, what has been your experience of postsecondary education to date?
-OR-
The authors also observe that “Ableism not only intersects with other forms of oppression, such as racism, sexism, ageism, and classism, but abilities are often used to justify such negative ‘isms’.”
What do you think this means? Provide an example.
The article discusses how ableism intersects and interacts with other forms of oppression, including racism, by highlighting how discrimination based on physical ability can be amplified by the marginalization of individuals who are already facing racial or gender biases. An example I think about is how Indigenous athletes with disabilities may face challenges both because of their disability and because of racial prejudice, leading to further exclusion from sports programs or unequal treatment in competitive settings.
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Exercise 2: Implicit Bias Test
Did anything surprise you about the results of the test? Please share if you’re comfortable OR comment on the usefulness of these kinds of tests more generally.
The results of the test surprised me, mostly because it took me a few rounds of the test to piece together just how the implicit bias is being measured. I did not think anything of it until I saw the results and was surprised by the amount of bias that I had. The use of tests like these can be beneficial tool for people of all professions, races, and abilities to view if they have any implicit bias towards marginalized groups as it highlights bias that people may not know is there, and highlights tangible data to correspond with the bias, making it easy to understand.
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B) Keywords
Exercise 3:
Add the keyword you contributed to padlet and briefly (50 words max) explain its importance to you.
Medical Model of Disability
I chose to define this keyword because it resonates with me as a nurse. The narrative of healing and curing is deeply ingrained in medical practice, so it’s easy for me to understand the rationale behind viewing disability as something to be “cured.” Something I’ve studied is how people define health, and if health is seen as the absence of illness or disability, then disability naturally becomes framed as something abnormal. The medical model reinforces this by locating the “problem” in the person rather than questioning how societal structures may exclude or disadvantage them. As a healthcare provider, it challenges me to reflect more critically on my own assumptions and consider how I can support more inclusive, approaches that recognize the lived experiences of people with disabilities.
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B) On Disability
Exercise 4: Complete the Activities
Exercise 5: Notebook Prompt
What do Fitzgerald and Long identify as barriers to inclusion and how might these apply to sport in particular?
Some of the barriers that stood out to me in this chapter were institutional barriers and attitudes towards people with disabilities. To me these two go hand in hand. Institutional barriers include ways in sporting events are designed, this involves designs without considering the needs or wants of people with disability. When reflecting on this barrier, it occurred to me that because of attitudes about people with disabilities, the events and sports spaces are not designed for these people under the assumption that they would not be able to or want to participate anyway. While reflecting on my own bias and experiences, it is made abundantly clear in many situations that sports are designed for able-bodied individuals, without a second thought about people with disabilities. These barriers don’t only apply to sports, as they also impact a variety of different ways that people with disabilities are not included, this can pertain to non-accessible spaces as well. An example in my life is that the gym I go to has 2 floors, with the vast majority of equipment and weights being on the second floor, with the main floor consisting of treadmills; however, there is no elevator in the building. After reading this chapter, it makes me believe that this was a purposeful action as many people can be under the assumption that people with disabities would not be able to, nor want to participate in the gym’s activities anyway.
C) Inclusion, Integration, Separation
Exercise 6: Complete the Activities
Exercise 7: Notebook Prompt
Choose ONE of the three questions Fitzgerald and Long argue disability sport needs to address and record your thoughts in your Notebook.
- Should sport be grouped by ability or disability?
- Is sport for participation or competition?
- Should sport competitions be integrated?
Should sport competitions be integrated?
Answering this question is intriguing to me as non-integrated sports exist at almost every level. Sports, particularly competitive sports have been non-integrated based on skill level, experience, age, gender, and qualifications for as long as organized sports have been around. To go deeper, I don’t think this should change, the beauty of sport is that in most cases, the game is meant to have an even playing field, professionals against professionals, amateurs against amateurs, beginners against beginners, in ways that makes the competition fun and equal. I don’t believe fully integrating sports specifically with able-bodied and people with disabilities would benefit either party. I do believe however, there can be ways where integration can be acceptable and encouraged, for example, if an amputee with running blade prostetics can run at the pace similar to able bodied people, and competes at that level qualifying as everyone else, why shouldn’t they be able to race in the same events? The answer to this question becomes more grey as skill levels progress. In all honesty, this question is so difficult to answer because non-integrated sports have always been the normal, Fully integrating sports even at the recreational level would involve systemic changes and breaking of barriers that have been put in place, and involve fully reforming the sport and leisure system we know today.
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Part Two: Making Connections
A) Gender, Sport and Disability
Exercise 8: Complete the Activity
The paradox that sportswomen habitually face (as the authors observe, this isn’t confined to disabled sportswomen) involves the expectation they will be successful in a ‘masculine’ environment while complying with femininity norms in order to be recognized as a woman.
True or false?
Take a moment to reflect on this paradox below (optional).
B) Masculinity, Disability, and Murderball
Exercise 9: Notebook/Padlet Prompt
Watch the film, Murderball and respond to the question in the padlet below (you will have an opportunity to return to the film at the end of this module).
The authors of “Cripping Sport and Physical Activity: An Intersectional Approach to Gender and Disability” observe that the “gendered performance of the wheelchair rugby players can…be interpreted as a form of resistance to marginalized masculinity” (332) but also point out that it may reinforce “ableist norms of masculinity.” After viewing the film, which argument do you agree with?
a) Murderball celebrates a kind of resistance to marginalized masculinity
After watching Murderball, I think that Murderball does both of these things. It resists the idea that disabled men can’t be seen as masculine or athletic, but it also upholds the ableist standards by celebrating forms of masculinity that are tied to strength and aggression rather than expanding what masculinity can mean on different levels. This is seen very clearly while following along with Zupan. Zupan embodies both a resistance to marginalized masculinity and a reinforcement of ableist norms of masculinity. On one hand, Zupan challenges the stereotype of disabled men as weak or asexual by showcasing his aggression, strength, and sexual confidence. This is also seen in how he plays wheelchair rugby, where he thrives on physical strength and aggression, positioning himself as a symbol of dominance and defying the idea that disabled men are fragile. Additionally, Zupan’s openness about his romantic relationships, especially with his girlfriend, further disprove societal expectations of disabled men’s sexuality. However, the film also reinforces ableist norms of masculinity by tying masculinity to physical dominance and aggression, which are common in able-bodied standards. Zupan’s toughness and his endurance through pain and suffering, alongside the sport’s emphasis on contact and violence, promote the narrow view of masculinity where masculinity is determined by physical strength and toughness. |
Section Three: Taking a Shot
A) Resistance
B) Calling out Supercrip
Exercise 10: Mini Assignment (worth 5% in addition to the module grade)
1) Do you agree with the critique of the “supercrip” narrative in this video? Why or why not? Find an example of the “supercrip” Paralympian in the 2024 Paris Paralympics or Special Olympics coverage and explain how it works.
I think the critique of the “supercrip” narrative is well-intentioned, but I also think there are aspects of the narrative that have good intentions too. In a way, when comparing the “supercrip” narrative to able-bodied athletes, it’s not all that different. For decades, athletes have been viewed as “super humans,” breaking boundaries and doing things that were once thought impossible. Year after year, records are shattered, and people are constantly rethinking the limits of human ability. So, I ask myself, why can’t we celebrate disabled athletes as “super humans” too? After all, they are also breaking barriers and doing things people once thought were impossible.
That said, I do recognize that this way of thinking is biased because I’m not disabled, nor am I an athlete. I can understand where many Paralympians are coming from when they say they don’t agree with the “supercrip” narrative. It pushes the idea that all disabled athletes are “super humans,” which can make it seem like they’re vastly different from others. After watching the video, my main takeaway is that it does a good job of marketing the Paralympics, it brings in viewership and sponsorship opportunities that can benefit the athletes. However, I also see how this “supercrip” narrative can downplay the struggles of disabled individuals and set a standard that only extraordinary achievements should be celebrated. One athlete from the Paris 2024 Paralympics who fits the “supercrip” narrative is Hunter Woodhall. He gained attention on social media with his impressive story of being the first amputee to receive a full-ride track and field scholarship and his marriage to Olympic athlete Tara Davis Woodhall. The narrative around Hunter often paints him in this “supercrip” light, highlighting his disability as something he needed to “overcome” to achieve athletic success. This framing of his story positions his success as extraordinary because of his disability, fitting the “supercrip” narrative.
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2) Does the film Murderball play into the supercrip narrative in your opinion? How does gender inform supercrip (read this blog for some ideas)?
(300 words for each response)
At the start of Murderball, I probably would have answered this question very differently. I would have assumed that the purpose of the film was to showcase these men in wheelchairs as exceptional people who have “overcome” their disabilities to achieve greatness. However, after finishing the movie, I don’t see the supercrip narrative at all. What I really enjoyed about the film (toxic masculinity aside) is that it does a great job of portraying these men simply as men and athletes. They show that, at the end of the day, they’re just like anyone else, they just happen to be in wheelchairs. They’re not looking to be seen as inspirations; they just want to achieve greatness in their sport, which, I would argue, is something every athlete strives for, regardless of ability, gender, or sport.
The film highlights the real mental struggle many of them face when coming to terms with their disability. Some of the men mentioned that they thought they would “get better” after their injuries, but eventually, they embraced their new lifestyles as simply their “new normal.” By the end of the movie, my takeaway wasn’t about how these men are amazing athletes or inspirations because they “overcame” their disabilities; it was more about how they’re just like any other athletes, pushing themselves to be the best they can in their sport. I kept thinking about a quote early in the film, where one of the characters says that when he goes out to a club, people tell him, “I’m so glad to see you out,” as if just leaving the house is some sort of grand achievement. His response, “Where else would I be?” perfectly sums up the film’s approach. It challenges the idea that simply living your life or doing everyday things should be framed as “extraordinary” for people with disabilities. I found it refreshing because the film avoids the supercrip narrative and just shows these men as relatable athletes who happen to have disabilities but want the same thing any athlete does… success in their sport. When it comes to gender and the supercrip narrative, the intersection is pretty significant. For men with disabilities, there’s often pressure to showcase an exaggerated form of masculinity to prove they’ve “overcome” their disability. The focus is often on strength, toughness, and sometimes even violence, traits that align with stereotypical masculine norms. In the case of the wheelchair rugby players in Murderball, their athleticism is often tied to their display of traditional masculine traits like aggression and dominance, both on the court and off. The implication is that disabled men who fit these norms are more worthy of celebration than those who don’t conform to these ideals. For women, the supercrip narrative plays out a bit differently. While their athleticism is highlighted at times, there’s also an emphasis on their sexuality and how “feminine” they can appear, even with a disability. This focus on their appearance often reduces them to objects of desire or admiration for their beauty rather than simply celebrating their athletic achievements.
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