How to Use This Text

Navigation:

In the upper lefthand corner, there is a CONTENTS button (white text on black) that can help to navigate by Chapters. Please note the + buttons in the Contents to expand the various Parts of the book.

At the bottom of each page are “←Previous” and “Next →” buttons (gold text on navy) that allow you to easily move from one chapter to the next.

Within the CONTENTS block is the Quick Index, which allows you to jump to specific sections of each chapter quickly.

Naming Conventions Used By the IPA:

The International Phonetic Alphabet frequently uses glyphs or symbols that are familiar to the reader that are modified by changing how they appear on the page.

Small Caps: or small capital letters are a typographic convention used in text generally, frequently to represent abbreviations, such as the ipa. In the actual alphabet, there are many sounds that are represented by Small Cap symbols, including: <ɪ, ʏ, ɢ, ɴ, ʙ, ʀ, ʟ, ʜ).

Reversed: Horizontally Flipped symbols are mirrored left to right, as in <e> and <ɘ>. Other reversed symbols are <ɛ-ɜ>, <ʔ-ʕ>, <ʢ-ʡ>.

Turned: Turned symbols are rotated by 180°, as in <r> and <ɹ>. Other turned symbols include: <w-ʍ>, <f-ɟ>, <v-ʌ>, <m-ɯ>, <c-ɔ>, <e-ə>, <a-ɐ>, <ɑ-ɒ>, <y-ʎ>.

Flipped: Vertically Flipped symbols are mirror top to bottom, and there’s only one of those: <ʀ-ʁ>. (Note that some fonts get this symbol wrong, and display it as a Turned Small Cap R, rather than a Flipped one.